Enhanced Urinalysis as a Screening Test for Urinary Tract Infection in Children Aged One Month to Twelve Years

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of enhanced urinalysis and routine urine analysis in screening for UTI in children against positive urine culture. METHODS: Descriptive study conducted by involving 205 children aged above one year to twelve years attending OPD or got admitted, with symptoms/signs suggestive of UTI in tertiary care hospital. Urine samples were obtained by age appropriate methods ( catheterization, MSCCU); results of enhanced urinalysis (urine WBC count/mm3 plus Gram-stain both in uncentrifuged sample) and routine urine analysis (WBC and bacteria per high-power-field in centrifuged sample) compared with urine culture results( positive urine results defined as 5x104CFU/ml and >105CFU/ml for two methods of sampling) for each sample. RESULTS: The enhanced UA showed significantly greater sensitivity and PPV (84.2% and 96% respectively ;95% confidence interval) than the routine urine analysis(54.4% and 88.6% respectively).the specificity doesn’t show much difference among the two methods(98.6% and 97.3% respectively).when Gram stain of uncentrifuged urine alone considered shows higher sensitivity (89.5%),and specificity( 93.2%). CONCLUSION: Both screening test cannot identify all children with UTI. Sample for Urine culture should be obtained from all children with suspicious of UTI, can begin presumptive treatment in case of enhanced urinalysis positivity. Gram stain of urine can be used as a screening tool either as single or in combination in primary care level with limited resources

2-(2,4-Diphenyl-3-aza­bicyclo­[3.3.1]nonan-9-ylidenehydrazono)-1,3-thia­zolidin-4-one

In the title compound, C23H24N4OS, the piperidine and cyclo­hexane rings adopt twin chair conformations and the phenyl groups occupy equatorial positions. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 10.25 (12)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with the formation of centrosymmetric dimers

Comparison of virtual endoscopy and transabdominal ultrasonography with conventional endoscopy in patients with haematuria.

INTRODUCTION : Main aim of haematuria evaluation in patients is to diagnose Urothelia cancer. The incidence of urothelial cancer in patients with haematuria is 6 to 12 %. Most of the urothelial cancer are from the bladder, upper tract tumor incidence is only 0.5 %. Patients with haematuria can be of two types 1. Visible haematuria otherwise known as gross haematuria, 2. Microscopic haematuria. Defined as more than 3 RBCs per high power field Patients with gross haematuria have higher incidence of (30 %) urothelial cancer. Currently recommended investigations for haematuria evaluation are 1. CT of the abdomen and pelvis (As it is more superior to IVU and Ultrasound in detecting lesions), 2. Urine cytology for malignant cells and 3. Cystoscopy. VE is possible with the routine CT images which we do for patients with haematuria when the software is available so there is no added cost to the patient. Virtual imaging is possible by the Marching cubes algorithm which is used to delineate the mucosa. It is based on the change in the attenuation values between the fluid (contrast filled urine) in the bladder lumen and the bladder wall. This results in a 3D representation of the mucosal surface. The computer mouse can be moved within the lumen as if we move the endoscope within the bladder and ureter and the entire mucosa examined systematically in an interactive manner. AIM AND OBJECTIVE : To compare virtual endoscopy (VE) and Trans-abdominal ultrasound with Conventional cystoscopy (CC), in the detection of bladder tumors in patients with haematuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS : Study was conducted from November 2007 to January 2010 in our department of urology. All patients with haematuria were evaluated and those having a bladder tumor included in the study. Initially few patients with tumors more than 6 cm were included in the study, but later tumors less than 5 cm only were studied. Patients were first stabilised and intra venous fluids given , then blood sample taken for lab investigations and grouping - typing. The coagulation profile also checked. Patients who presented with clot retention were subjected to cystoscopic clot evacuation in the daycare cystoscopy room and a 22F urethral foley inserted and irrigation started. CONCLUSION : Despite the obvious benefits of virtual cystoscopy in terms of less invasiveness and more comfort to the patient, it has several limitations. These include, 1. Low detection rate for lesions smaller than 1 cm, 2. Not able to detect CIS, 3. Inferior to conventional cystoscopy in detecting bladder lesions. So Virtual cystoscopy cannot replase conventional cystoscopy. It may have a place in the evaluation of patients with haematuria in stricture disease and surgically poor risk patients

Effect of seed treatments on seed germination and seedling parameters in the F2 generation of mundu chilli (Capsicum annum L.)

Germination in chilli seeds is poor and the duration taken for the germination is long. In order to overcome their problems in germination, the seeds were to be subjected to seed treatments, So that the germination would be effective. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Vegetable Science HC & RI, Tami Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Periyakulam to study the effect of seed treatment views on the seedling character of mundu chilli. The experiment was laid in FCRD design with three replications. In this study, four F2 crosses viz., PKM CA 20 X PKM CA 08 (C1), PKM CA 32 X PKM CA 33 (C2), PKM CA 32 X PKM CA 20 (C3), PKM CA 38 X PKM CA 33 (C4) and seven treatments namely, Control (T0), Seed treatment with KNO3 0.5% (T1), Seed treatment GA3 50 ppm (T2), Seed treatment with NAA 100 ppm (T3), Hot water seed treatment at 60° C for 15 minutes (T4), Seed treatment with cow urine (T5), Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride (T6). Among all F2 crosses, PKM CA 38 X PKM CA 33 (C4) was most responsive to seed treatments in terms of the percent of seed germination and vigor index, followed by progeny PKM CA 32 X PKM CA 33 (C2) for root length and PKM CA 32 X PKM CA 20 (C3) for shoot length. The statistical analysis of the data showed the superiority of all the seed treatments over the control. The GA₃ treatment resulted in the maximum percentage of seed germination, root length, shoot length and vigor index followed by KNO3.    GA3 breaks the dormancy in the seeds and induces seed germination rapidly. Thus GA3 finds its way as the seed treatment agent in chilli.

r-2,c-6-Bis(4-fluoro­phen­yl)-t-3,t-5-dimethyl­piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C19H19F2NO, the piperidinone ring adopts a chair conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H⋯O and C—H⋯F inter­molecular inter­actions, generating centrosymmetric dimers of R 2 2(14) and R 2 2(24) rings

2,6-Bis(3-fluoro­phen­yl)-3-isopropyl­piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C20H21F2NO, the piperidine ring in each of the two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit adopts a normal chair conformation with an equatorial orientation of the 3-fluoro­phenyl groups. The dihedral angles between the two 3-fluoro­phenyl rings are 49.89 (7) and 50.35 (7)° in the two mol­ecules

2,4-Bis(4-chloro­phen­yl)-3-aza­bicyclo­[3.3.1]nonan-9-one

In the mol­ecular structure of the title compound, C20H19Cl2NO, the mol­ecule exists in a twin-chair conformation with equatorial dispositions of the 4-chloro­phenyl groups on both sides of the secondary amino group; the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring planes is 31.33 (3)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by N—H⋯O inter­actions, leading to chains of molecules

N-(1-Acetyl-r-7,c-9-diphenyl-4,8-dithia-1,2-diaza­spiro­[5.4]dec-2-en-3-yl)acet­amide

In the title compound, C22H23N3O2S2, the five-membered ring is planar and the C5S ring adopts a chair conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O inter­actions, generating a chain and a centrosymmetric dimer, respectively