Effect of plant resistance and BioAct WG (Purpureocillium lilacinum strain 251) on Meloidogyne incognita in a tomato-cucumber rotation in a greenhouse

BACKGROUND The effectiveness of combining resistant tomato with BioAct WG (Purpureocillium lilacinum strain 251, Pl251) against Meloidogyne incognita was assessed in a tomato-cucumber rotation in a greenhouse over 2 years. Additionally, the enzymatic activity of the fungus, the percentage of fungal egg and juvenile parasitism, cardinal temperatures and the effect of water potential on mycelial growth and the soil receptivity to Pl251 were determined in vitro. RESULTS Plant resistance was the only factor that suppressed nematode and crop yield losses. Percentage of egg parasitism in plots treated with BioAct WG was less than 2.6%. However, under in vitro conditions, Pl251 showed protease, lipase and chitinase activities and parasitised 94.5% of eggs, but no juveniles. Cardinal temperatures were 14.2, 24–26 and 35.4¿°C. The maximum Pl251 mycelial growth was at -0.25 MPa and 25¿°C. Soil temperatures and water potential in the greenhouse were in the range of the fungus. However, soil receptivity was lower in greenhouse soil, irrespective of sterilisation, than in sterilised sand. CONCLUSION Plant resistance was the only factor able to suppress nematode densities, disease severity and yield losses, and to protect the following cucumber crop. Environmental factors involved in soil receptivity could have negatively affected fungus effectiveness.Postprint (updated version

Efficacy of the combined usage of several control methods against root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in organic tomato agriculture [Organik domates tariminda Kök-ur nematodlari (Meloidogyne spp.)'na karşi savaşta bazi yöntemlerin birlikte kullanim etkinlikleri]

This study was conducted to determine whether or not the combined usage of biocontrol methods could be beneficial in reducing root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) infection in organic tomato (cv. Gökçe) production. Treatments were (1) the use grafted plants alone, (2) broccoli [Brassica olerace var. italica L. (Cruciferae)] applied as green manure or with two biological control preparations [(3) Bioact®, containing the spores of Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251, and (4) endoRoots® containing the spores of Endomycorrhizal (VAM) fungi (Glomus spp.)] and grafted plants together with these last three treatments, respectively (5, 6, 7). In the control treatment (8) non-grafted tomato plants were used. Trials were conducted according to randomized block design with four replicates during the autumn (September-January) and spring seasons (March-June) of 2008 and 2009. Yield, galling index scale and reproduction ratio of M. javanica were determined to evaluate the effects of the treatments. Results showed that use of grafted plants with BioAct® (autumn 59.27%; spring 72.46%) or green manuring with Broccoli (autumn 53.65%; spring 78.68%) reduced the root galling caused by M. javanica compared to the control plants. In autumn season grafted plants alone (16.45%) or together with the BioAct® (8.71%) and in summer season grafted plants together with Broccoli (78.48%) or BioAct® (51.48%) and Broccoli (62.87%) alone increased yield significantly. It is concluded that the combined usage of grafted plants with Broccoli or BioAct® could be a more effective control method against M. javanica in organic tomato production

Effects of two plant extracts on the damage of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato plants [İki bitki ekstrakti{dotless}ni{dotless}n domates bitkilerinde Meloidogyne incognita, chitwood (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) zarari{dotless}na etkileri]

The effects of the aqueous extracts of Euphorbia myrsinites (Euphorbiaceae) and Urginea maritima (Liliaceae) on the damage of Meloidogyne incognita (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) to tomato plants was evaluated. The trials were conducted in two series in climatized rooms and in greenhouse conditions. The results of both the climatized rooms and greenhouse trials are parallel each other. All dilutions (1:100, 2:100 and 4:100 v v-1) of the extracts applied to the soil reduced the root galling caused by M. incognita and enhanced tomato yield compared to an untreated control. Efficacy of the highest concentration (4:100 v v-1) of both extracts on the control of M. incognita was similar to the positive chemical control (Oxamyl). The highest concentration of U. maritima was superior to the extracts of E. myrsinites. Aqueous extracts from these two plants reduced the damage of root-knot nematodes

Reaction of peach and nectarine rootstocks to different populations of root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885)1 [Şeftali ve nektarin anaçlarının, Kök ur nematodu türleri; Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) ve Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885)’nın farklı popülasyonlarına karşı reaksiyonu]

The reaction of peach and nectarine rootstocks, Garnem, Cadaman, GF 677, Barrier, Nemaguard and M-29, used in Turkey was investigated to five populations of root knot nematode species, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885), under controlled conditions. The study was conducted at the Plant Protection Central Research Institute of the Laboratory of Nematology (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) in 2013-2016. Three M. javanica (TR16-2, TR12-1 and S5-1) and two M. incognita (TR10-3, S4-1) populations were obtained from infested peach orchards and established pure culture. All rootstocks were inoculated with 3000 second stage juveniles (J2s) from each a population. Each combination was replicated five times. One hundred and twenty d after inoculation, the ratio of galling on the roots and the number of nematode J2s in the soil were assessed and thus the response of rootstocks was determined. M-29, Cadaman and Garnem rootstocks were resistant to all populations, whereas GF 677 was susceptible to all populations. Nemaguard was resistant to TR16-2 and TR12-1 populations, but this rootstock was susceptible to S5-1, TR10-3 and S4-1 populations. Barrier rootstock was moderately resistant to TR16-2 and TR12 populations but susceptible to S5-1 and S4-1 populations. The findings could be used for control root-knot nematodes as well in breeding programs. © 2019 Entomological Society of Turkey. All rights reserved

Identification of the economically important plant parasitic nematodes in vineyards areas of Izmir and Manisa provinces by morphological and molecular techniques [Izmir ve Manisa illerinde bag alanlarinda ekonomik öneme sahip bitki paraziti nematodlarin morfolojik ve moleküler yöntemlerle tanilanmas]

In the study, economically important nematodes species found in vineyards of Izmir and Manisa provinces were identified using morphological and molecular techniques. A total of 188 plant roots and soil samples belonging to 147 samples from Manisa and 41 samples from Izmir provinces were analyzed. Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1919 (9.52%), Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 (6.35%), Meloidogyne incognita (Kafoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (3.18%) belonging to root-knot nematodes genus and Xiphinema pachtaicum (Tulaganov, 1938) Kirjanova, 1951 (87.30%), Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen, 1950 (19.05%) and Xiphinema italiae Meyl, 1953 (9.52%) belonging to dagger nematodes were identified by using morphological and molecular techniques. The prevalence and infestation ratio of these species were also high in the region. The results showed that the infestation ratio with root knot nematodes and dagger nematodes were found 34.01% and 31.71% in Manisa and Izmir vineyards, respectively. Our findings also indicated that heavily prevalence of plant parasitic nematodes were existed as 43.48% in the vineyard areas of Salihli district of Manisa and 66.67% in the vineyard area of Torbali, Urla and Seferihisar districts of Izmir

Molecular diagnosis of Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) in the potato growing areas of Aegean Region, Turkey [Ege Bölgesi patates alanlarinda Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)'in moleküler yöntemlerle saptanmasi]

DNA isolation was done by the 8 different cyst populations collected from the potato growing areas of Aegean Region (Turkey) between 2006-2008. As a result of Multiplex PCR conducted with species-specific primer, composing of band is observed in 435 bp as specific to Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae). By doing PCR with rDNA2 and rDNA1.58S primers of the same sample, as a consequence of cropping with Hinf l enzyme, in 233bp and 522bp band were confirmed as specific to G. rostochiensis. In this study, other potato cyst nematodes, Globodera pallida Stone, 1973 was not determined. Globodera rostochiensis was determined previously by using morphometric methods in Turkey. The identification of G. rostochiensis was confirmed by molecular methods with this study

Molecular diagnosis of Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) in the potato growing areas of Aegean Region, Turkey [Ege Bölgesi patates alanlarinda Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)'in moleküler yöntemlerle saptanmasi]

DNA isolation was done by the 8 different cyst populations collected from the potato growing areas of Aegean Region (Turkey) between 2006-2008. As a result of Multiplex PCR conducted with species-specific primer, composing of band is observed in 435 bp as specific to Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae). By doing PCR with rDNA2 and rDNA1.58S primers of the same sample, as a consequence of cropping with Hinf l enzyme, in 233bp and 522bp band were confirmed as specific to G. rostochiensis. In this study, other potato cyst nematodes, Globodera pallida Stone, 1973 was not determined. Globodera rostochiensis was determined previously by using morphometric methods in Turkey. The identification of G. rostochiensis was confirmed by molecular methods with this study

Effects of alternative control methods against Meloidogyne incognita in organic tomato production [Organik domates üretiminde Meloidogyne incognita'ya karşi{dotless} alternatif savaş yöntemlerinin etkisi]

The effects of some alternative control methods consisting of biofumigation, intercropping with attractive plants, grafting, solarization or biological nematicides against Meloidogyne incognita in organic tomato production were evaluated in two successive short growing cycles (2007 autumn and 2008 spring) in unheated greenhouse conditions. Eight treatments were investigated in both growing seasons while four treatments were the same in each year, two were different. Soil solarization was applied for 6 weeks with a covering of 110 µm thickness of clear polyethylene sheets. For the biofumigation treatments, all the plant parts of the broccoli (Brassica olerace var. italica) (14 t ha-1) or the leaves and fruits of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) (2.5 t ha-1) were added to the soil one week before planting the tomatoes. The American Marigold plant (Tagetes erecta) seedlings were transplanted to the plots one week before planting as an intercrop with the tomato plants. As a biological nematicide, BioAct® [Paecilomyces lilacinus, strain 251: 62.5 g kg-1, 1010 cfu g-1 LD 50>5000 mg kg-1 cfu mL-1 (Boyut Foreign Trade Ltd, Turkey)] was applied three times at the fir?s recommended rates. Organic manure, acting as a biological nematicide namely Netisin® (BioGlobal Company, Turkey), was applied at a rate of 10 kg ha-1 using a drip irrigation system to the soil twice. In both seasons root galling caused by M. incognita was lower (1.90 in autumn and 2.95 in spring) in the grafted tomato plants on the rootstock Beaufort than the other treatments. In terms of yield, among the tested treatments, grafting (0.922 kg plant-1 in autumn and 1.785 kg plant-1 in spring) and biofumigation with R. communis in autumn (0.924 kg plant-1) and biofumigation with broccoli in the spring (2.315 kg plant-1) gave higher yields. The overall results showed that biofumigation with broccoli and grafting could be used efficiently against M. incognita in organic agriculture production