Cobots Implementation in the Era of Industry 5.0 Using Modern Business and Management Solutions

The paper describes the possibilities of implementing cobots for the execution of manual tasks in human-cobot collaborative teams to reduce waste within manufacturing systems from the perspective of Industry 5.0. Particular attention is paid to those manufacturing systems where, due to the high costs of possible reorganization, cobots are implemented in the existing system without significant modifications. The work is carried out in collaboration between humans and machines. To illustrate proposed implementation model, a conceptual use case (concept case) corresponding to an actual furniture manufacturing process was developed. The identification of the space for the use of cobots was verified using the value stream mapping method, and the implementation possibilities were analyzed using dedicated simulation software. The production process was mapped in both the value stream map and the simulation software. The potential for time savings in the implementation of the production process and a potential increase in the average production volume were demonstrated. Thus, the implementation possibilities of the presented concept were positively verified. The presented approach forms the basis for innovative solutions based on an interdisciplinary combination of organizational, management, and technical issues from the perspective of cobot use. This offers the opportunity to develop a cost-effective solution for implementing modern cobotic system technology to reduce waste in line with lean management. The concept opens up the perspective for many questions in terms of how and when to implement a cobotic systems solution in an organization. This is particularly relevant from the perspective of a company operating in a specific industry, using selected technologies and work organization methods

Imaging of the TiO2 surface by scanning probe microscopy

Postęp w dziedzinie syntezy i modyfikacji materiałów w skali atomowej wymusza rozwój technik badawczych, służących do charakteryzacji tych struktur. Skaningowa mikroskopia tunelowa (Scanning Tunneling Microscopy – STM) jest jedną z metod, dzięki której można obrazować powierzchnię metali i półprzewodników z atomową zdolnością rozdzielczą.Celem niniejszej pracy było zobrazowanie powierzchni [011] rutylu, jednej z odmian alotropowych tlenku tytanu (IV) przy pomocy skaningowej mikroskopii tunelowej. Wszystkie badania przeprowadzono w warunkach ultrawysokiej próżni. Podczas opracowania danych zmierzono wysokość tarasów atomowych oraz przeprowadzono analizę struktury powierzchni półprzewodnika. Wyniki porównano z danymi literaturowymi.A progress in the field of synthesis and modification of materials in atomic scale forces an advancement in research techniques, which are used to characterise those structures. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy is one of possibilities, which allows imaging a surface of metals and semiconductors with an atomic resolution.The goal of the thesis was to image surface [011] of rutile, one of alotropic forms of titanium dioxide, with using Scanning Tunnelling Microscope. The measurements were made in ultra high vacuum conditions. A height of atomic terraces were measured and an analysis of the structure of the surface was conducted. Results were compared with the literature data

Computer modelling of modification of PLA layers by C60 impact

Celem niniejszej pracy było stworzenie pierwszego w pełni atomistycznego modelu, służącego do symulowania procesu bombardowania materiałów organicznych pociskami C60. Następnie został on wykorzystany do zweryfikowania hipotezy, dotyczącej mechanizmu rozpylania grupy polimerów takich jak poli(kwas mlekowy), w których ten proces zachodzi znacznie bardziej wydajnie niż w pozostałych układach (np. polistyren). Materiały te zawierają w swojej strukturze tlen, który miałby powodować rozpad łańcuchów na chmurę niewielkich fragmentów gazowych, takich jak tlenek i dwutlenek węgla oraz wodór. Znacznie większa objętość właściwa powstałych molekuł teoretycznie powinna ułatwiać zachodzenie procesu rozpylania.The aim of this thesis was to create the first all-atom model used to simulating bombardment process of organic materials by a C60 impact. Subsequently, it was used to verify a hypothesis about a mechanism of sputtering of group of polymers, such as polylactic acid, where the process is much more efficient than in other systems (e.g. polystyrene). The materials contain oxygen atoms in their structure, which would induce chains decomposition to a cloud of simple gas fragments such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The much greater specific volume of created molecules theoretically might facilitate the sputtering process

Effect of oxygen chemistry in sputtering of polymers

Molecular dynamics computer simulations are used to model kiloelectronvolt cluster bombardment of pure hydrocarbon [polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS)] and oxygen-containing [paraformaldehyde (PFA) and polylactic acid (PLA)] polymers by 20 keV C_{60} projectiles at a 45° impact angle to investigate the chemical effect of oxygen in the substrate material on the sputtering process. The simulations demonstrate that the presence of oxygen enhances the formation of small molecules such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, and various molecules containing C═O double bonds. The explanation for the enhanced small molecule formation is the stability of carbon and oxygen multiple bonds relative to multiple bonds with only carbon atoms. This chemistry is reflected in the fraction of the ejected material that has a mass not higher than 104 amu. For PFA and PLA, the fraction is approximately 90% of the total mass, whereas for PE and PS, it is less than half

Sputtering of octatetraene by 15 keV C_{60} projectiles : comparison of reactive interatomic potentials

Molecular dynamics computer simulations have been used to probe the effect of the AIREBO, ReaxFF and COMB3 interatomic potentials on sputtering of an organic sample composed of octatetraene molecules. The system is bombarded by a 15 keV C60 projectile at normal incidence. The effect of the applied force fields on the total time of simulation, the calculated sputtering yield and the angular distribution of sputtered particles is investigated and discussed. It has been found that caution should be taken when simulating particles ejection from nonhomogeneous systems that undergo significant fragmentation described by the ReaxFF. In this case, the charge state of many particles is improper due to an inadequacy of a procedure used for calculating partial charges on atoms in molecules for conditions present during sputtering. A two-step simulation procedure is proposed to minimize the effect of this deficiency. There is also a possible problem with the COMB3 potential, at least at conditions present during cluster impact, as its results are very different from AIREBO or ReaxFF

Development of a charge-implicit ReaxFF for C/H/O systems

Modeling chemical reactions in condensed phases is difficult. Interaction potentials (or force fields) like ReaxFF can perform this modeling with a high overall accuracy, but the disadvantage of ReaxFF is a low simulation speed arising from costly algorithms, in particular charge equilibration. Therefore, we reparametrized ReaxFF to incorporate Coulomb forces into other terms of the force field. Because of this change, our charge-implicit ReaxFF-CHO is >2 times faster than the original parametrization. Despite the lack of explicit electrostatic interactions, our potential can correctly model the reactions and densities of systems containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. We have used the new potential to simulate bombardment of trehalose by water clusters. It has been observed experimentally that these water projectiles can increase the sensitivity of secondary ion mass spectrometry by more than an order of magnitude, but no explanation for this phenomenon was given. Our simulations show that the increase in the intensity of the recorded signal coincides with the emission of trehalose–water complexes