45 research outputs found
Delete or merge regressors for linear model selection
We consider a problem of linear model selection in the presence of both
continuous and categorical predictors. Feasible models consist of subsets of
numerical variables and partitions of levels of factors. A new algorithm called
delete or merge regressors (DMR) is presented which is a stepwise backward
procedure involving ranking the predictors according to squared t-statistics
and choosing the final model minimizing BIC. In the article we prove
consistency of DMR when the number of predictors tends to infinity with the
sample size and describe a simulation study using a pertaining R package. The
results indicate significant advantage in time complexity and selection
accuracy of our algorithm over Lasso-based methods described in the literature.
Moreover, a version of DMR for generalized linear models is proposed
Examination of the impact of water pollution on the properties of phenols monolayers formed by membrane lipids.
Zanieczyszczenie w贸d fenolami i chlorofenolami mo偶e mie膰 istotny wp艂yw na aktywno艣膰 destruent贸w a poprzez to obieg materii w przyrodzie. Zwi膮zki te mog膮 wbudowywa膰 si臋 do b艂on kom贸rkowych i w ten spos贸b wp艂ywa膰 na ich struktur臋 i funkcj臋. W niniejszej pracy zastosowano monowarstwy Langmuira utworzone przez trzy r贸偶ne fosfatydyloglicerole (PG) jako uk艂ady modelowe s艂u偶膮ce do badania oddzia艂ywania fenoli z fosfolipidami b艂onowymi. Zastosowane PG r贸偶ni艂y si臋 nasyceniem 艂a艅cuch贸w hydrofobowych (nasycony DSPG i nienasycony DOPG i ECPG). Dwa pierwsze to zwi膮zki syntetyczne za艣 ECPG zosta艂 wyekstrahowany z b艂ony kom贸rkowej E. coli. W cz臋艣ci literaturowej om贸wiono problemy zwi膮zane z zanieczyszczeniem 艣rodowiska fenolami oraz zagadnienia zwi膮zane z ich biodegradacj膮. Przedstawiono r贸wnie偶 podstawy wiedzy zwi膮zanej z monowarstwami Langmuira. W cz臋艣ci eksperymentalnej przedstawiono wyniki eksperyment贸w dotycz膮cych rejestracji izoterm ci艣nienia powierzchniowego, potencja艂u powierzchniowego oraz obserwacji mikroskopowych z zastosowaniem mikroskopii k膮ta Brewstera. Badano wp艂yw 4 fenoli na monowarstwy: hydrochinonu, rezorcyny, p-chlorofenolu i bisfenolu A. Okaza艂o si臋, 偶e najwi臋kszy wp艂yw na modelowe monowarstwy PG wykazywa艂 bisfenol A, kt贸rego cz膮steczki mog膮 by膰 wbudowywane do monowarstwy Z kolei p-chlorofenol powodowa艂 znaczne zmiany w艂asno艣ci elektrycznych badanych monowarstw.The pollution of water by phenols and chlorophenols can have significant effect on the activity of decomposers and by this the matter circulation in nature. These compounds can be incorporated into cellular membranes and affect their structure and function. In this thesis Langmuir monolayers formed by three different phosphatidylglycerols (PG) were applied as model systems for the investigation of the interactions of phenols with membrane phospholipids. The applied PG differed in the hydrophobic chain saturation (saturated DSPG, unsaturated DOPG and ECPG). The first two compounds were synthetic and ECPG was extracted from E. coli membranes. In the first part of the thesis the problems regarding the environmental pollution by phenols and the questions connected with their biodegradation were described. The foundations of the knowledge regarding Langmuir monolayers were also provided. The experimental part comprises the results regarding: surface pressure and surface potential isotherms and Brewster angle microscopy images. The effect of four phenols on the monolayers: hydroquinone, resorcinol, p-chlorophenol and bisphenol A were investigated. It turned out, that bisfenol A exerted the most profound effect on the PG monolayers, as its molecules were incorporated therein. On the other hand, p-chlorophenol changed significantly the electrical properties of the monolayers
Teorie spiskowe jako populistyczne narz臋dzie w聽represji grup marginalizowanych
The purpose of this paper is to study the role of conspiracy theories in populism, particularly the way conspiracy theories amplify the xenophobic messaging of some populist lead-ers. Although conspiracy theories have only recently been associated with this political phenom-enon, historically there have been cases of conspiracy theories having been successfully used as part of populist political strategy. Firstly, the causes of the co-occurrence of populism and conspir-acy theories are studied. Secondly, the interaction between the two phenomena is shown to enhance populist messaging. Next, effectiveness of populist conspiracy theories is then placed in the context of human rights. Finally, the aforementioned mechanisms are illustrated via the example of the Lavender Scare.Celem niniejszej pracy jest zbadanie roli teorii spiskowych w populizmie, szczeg贸l-nie w zakresie, w jakim wzmacniaj膮 one ksenofobiczny przekaz niekt贸rych lider贸w populistycz-nych. Cho膰 w literaturze teorie spiskowe s膮 wi膮zane z tym zjawiskiem politycznym od stosunkowo niedawna, znane s膮 przypadki historyczne, w kt贸rych zosta艂y z sukcesem u偶yte jako element populistycznej strategii politycznej. Najpierw badane s膮 przyczyny wsp贸艂wyst臋powania teorii spi-skowych i populizmu. Dalej wykazane zostaje, 偶e wzajemne oddzia艂ywanie obu zjawisk wzmacnia przekaz populistyczny. Efektywno艣膰 populistycznych teorii spiskowych jest nast臋pnie umieszcza-na w kontek艣cie praw cz艂owieka. Wreszcie, aby zilustrowa膰 om贸wione mechanizmy, przedstawio-ny zostaje przypadek lawendowej paniki
The frequency of discrete traits in human skull sutures from cemeteries in Krakow.
Celem pracy jest przedstawienie cz臋sto艣ci w jakich wyst臋puj膮 wybrane cechy niemetryczne, w serii kraniologicznej z cmentarzysk Krakowa (XII-XVIII w.). Analizie poddano 11 cech epigenetycznych, mo偶liwych do zaobserwowania na czaszkach ludzkich. Cechy niemetryczne s膮 powszechnie wykorzystywane do bada艅 mi臋dzypopulacyjnych, jak r贸wnie偶, s艂u偶膮 do rozr贸偶niania r贸偶nych ludzkich system贸w spo艂eczno - kulturowych. W rozdzia艂ach niniejszej pracy starano si臋 przedstawi膰 zarys og贸lny istoty cech epigenetycznych, dokona膰 klasyfikacji oraz opisa膰 proces ich powstania. W badaniach podj臋to pr贸b臋, za pomoc膮 test贸w statystycznych, oszacowania istotno艣ci zale偶no艣ci mi臋dzy cechami dyskretnymi, a r贸偶nymi czynnikami mog膮cymi wp艂ywa膰 na cz臋sto艣膰 ich wyst臋powania. Nast臋pnie otrzymane wyniki w celach por贸wnawczych zestawiono z rezultatami innych badaczy. Przyj臋te jest, i偶 cechy nieci膮g艂e s膮 niezale偶ne od p艂ci i wieku. W tym badaniu jedynie dwie cechy, z jedenastu przebadanych, wykaza艂y istotne statystyczne r贸偶nice dymorficzne, a co wi臋cej obie p艂cie wykaza艂y odmienno艣膰 w cz臋sto艣ci wyst臋powania kostek wstawnych w zale偶no艣ci od wieku w chwili zgonu. Natomiast nie znaleziono 偶adnej istotnej korelacji mi臋dzy og贸lnym kszta艂tem i rozmiarem czaszki, a obecno艣ci膮 nadliczbowych kostek. Z drugiej strony natomiast, stwierdzono wiele korelacji wyst臋puj膮cych mi臋dzy cechami nieci膮g艂ymi. Sprawdzano r贸wnie偶 zale偶no艣膰 mi臋dzy wielko艣ci膮 kostek wstawnych, a poszczeg贸lnymi cechami epigenetycznymi. Uzyskane wyniki r贸偶ni艂y si臋 w niekt贸rych kwestiach z rezultatami innych badaczy.The aim of paper is to present the frequency of selected non-metric traits, in a series of crania from Krak贸w cemeteries (XII-XVIII centuries). The 11 epigenetic traits, that can be observed in human skulls were analyzed. Non-metric traits are commonly used with high accuracy, for testing biological distance between the populations, as well as to distinguish between the different systems of human social and cultural groups. The chapters of this study attempted to provide an overview of epigenetic traits essence, also to classify and describe the process of their creation. The study attempted, by means of statistical tests of significance, estimate the relationship between the characteristics of discrete traits, and the various factors that may affect the frequency of their occurrence. Then, summarizes the results obtained with the results of other researchers. It is accepted that the discrete traits are independent of sex and age, in this study, only two traits of the eleven tested, showed significant differences in sexual dimorphism, and moreover both sexes showed differences in the incidence of Wormian bones, depending on age at death. However, there are no significant correlation between the overall shape and size of the skull, and the presence of supernumerary bones . On the other hand, there was a lot of correlations existing between the epigenetic discontinuous traits. It was also check whether there is a relationship between the size of Wormian bones, and the each of epigenetic traits. The results were differed from the results of other researchers, in some aspects
Changes in masculinity paterns in Japanese literature from ancient times until Edo period (1603-1867).
W niniejszej pracy poruszam problem typ贸w m臋sko艣ci i zmian, jakie przechodzi艂y na przestrzeni wiek贸w w Japonii, na podstawie analizy bohater贸w literackich. Opieram si臋 na za艂o偶eniu, 偶e m臋sko艣膰 to nie cecha wynikaj膮ca z biologii cz艂owieka, a raczej rodzaj konstruktu spo艂ecznego, tworzonego zawsze w okre艣lonej grupie, czasie i miejscu i podatnego na zmiany. Wiele r贸偶nych typ贸w m臋sko艣ci nast臋puje po sobie, ale te偶 wsp贸艂istnieje, a spo艣r贸d nich jeden, nazywany typem m臋sko艣ci hegemonicznej, charakteryzuje grup臋 m臋偶czyzn dominuj膮cych ekonomicznie, ideologicznie i politycznie w danym spo艂ecze艅stwie. Analiz臋 zaczynam od wyja艣nienia najwa偶niejszych dla tematu poj臋膰 z zakresu gender studies i studi贸w nad m臋sko艣ci膮. W kolejnych rozdzia艂ach analizuj臋 m臋skie postaci literackie z kolejnych epok w historii Japonii od czas贸w najdawniejszych, zilustrowanych w kronikach, przez epok臋 Heian (794-1185), okres japo艅skiego 艣redniowiecza (1185-1600), po epok臋 Edo (1603-1868).The authoress analyzes different types of masculinity in Japanese literature, starting from the earliest times, as illustrated in the chronicles, and continuing through Heian period (794-1185), Japanese Middle-ages (1185-1600), up till Edo period (1603-1868). She supports the idea that masculinity is not a characteristic derived from human鈥檚 biological features, but is a creation of society, that functions always in a certain group, time and place and is prone to change. Her analysis is based on the theory and key concepts of contemporary gender studies and men studies. Many different masculinities exist consecutively, but there are also types that coexist, and among them one is called hegemonic masculinity, as it characterizes the group of men dominating economically, ideologically and politically in a certain society. The authoress tries to define hegemonic masculinity in Japanese history, showing the difference in the ideals of aristocrats, warriors and merchants
Deuterium isotope effects in reduction of 尾-fluoropyruvic acid catalyzed by L-alanine dehydrogenase
L-alanine dehydrogenase (AlaDH, EC 1.4.1.1) from Bacillus subtilis catalyzes the biotransformation of 尾-fluoropyruvic acid into 尾-fluoro-L-alanine in presence of cofactor NADH and ammonia. This unnatural 尾-fluorinated amino acid shows antibacterial properties due to inactivation of alanine racemase - enzyme involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis in bacterial cell wall. We report the studies on mechanism of this reaction using solvent, SIE, and kinetic, KIE, isotope methods. The kinetic of聽 reaction was studied spectrophotometrically by measuring the decreasing absorbance of the reduced form of NADH at 340 nm. For kinetic studies the deuterium labeled NADH was obtained by reduction of NAD+ catalyzed by formate dehydrogenase (FDH, EC 1.2.1.2). SIE鈥檚 and KIE鈥檚 were determined using non-competitive spectroscopic method
Cannibalism in human evolutionary history.
Cannibalism is a controversial topic, because of the difficulties caused disgust and the unpopularity of the issue only a few researchers studied this phenomenon. Characteristic marks of the cannibalism was often ignored. Cultural evolution, in part abolition of the taboo and the technology development allow accurate testing. Marks on the wild animals bones was compared to those on human remains. The results of these studies suggested that even among the tribes previously considered as non-aggressive, cannibalism was practiced. Excavations analysis and confession of cannibals living today confirms that sometimes human flesh was eaten, not only to satisfy hunger. Some societies made magic rituals, which cannibalism inevitably accompanied. It was believed that while eating human body parts some of the features were absorbed, the most highly desirable, such as: courage and strength. Some tribes believed that if you want to properly honor the deceased, you have to consume his body and with it, his spirit. Burial remains in the cold ground would be a sign of disrespect. Cannibalism is difficult issue to prove, but this work present in numerous taphonomic, ethnographic and archeological evidence confirm that cannibalism was accompanied by Homo sapiens and his ancestors, regardless of time and inhabited continent.Kanibalizm jest tematem kontrowersyjnym, niewielu naukowc贸w bada艂o to zjawisko ze wzgl臋du na trudno艣ci spowodowane odraz膮 i niepopularno艣ci膮 zagadnienia. Cz臋sto ignorowano charakterystyczne 艣lady pozostawione przez kanibali. Dzi臋ki ewolucji kulturowej, zniesieniu po cz臋艣ci tabu oraz rozwoju zaawansowanej technologii mo偶liwe by艂y dok艂adne badania. Por贸wnano 艣lady na ko艣ciach zwierzyny 艂ownej do uraz贸w znalezionych na ludzkich szcz膮tkach. Wyniki takich bada艅 sugerowa艂y, 偶e nawet w艣r贸d plemion dotychczas uwa偶anych za nieagresywne by艂 praktykowany kanibalizm.Analiza znalezisk oraz zeznania 偶yj膮cych do dzi艣 kanibali potwierdzaj膮, i偶 czasem zjadano ludzkie mi臋so nie tylko aby zaspokoi膰 g艂贸d. Niekt贸re spo艂ecze艅stwa odprawia艂y magiczne rytua艂y, kt贸rym nieod艂膮cznie towarzyszy艂 kanibalizm. W wyniku spo偶ywania ludzkich cz臋艣ci cia艂a mia艂y by膰 przyswajane tak偶e niekt贸re cechy zjadanego, najcz臋艣ciej bardzo po偶膮dane jak np. odwaga czy si艂a. W niekt贸rych plemieniach wykszta艂ci艂 si臋 pogl膮d, i偶 aby odda膰 zmar艂emu cze艣膰 nale偶y skonsumowa膰 jego cia艂o, a wraz z nim jego ducha, pochowanie szcz膮tk贸w w zimnej ziemi by艂oby przejawem braku szacunku. Kanibalizm jest trudnym do udowodnienia zjawiskiem, lecz przedstawione w pracy liczne tafonomiczne badania potwierdzaj膮, i偶 antropofagia towarzyszy艂a Homo sapiens, oraz jego przodkom niezale偶nie od czasu oraz zamieszkiwanego kontynentu
Optimization of synthesis of N-[(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yloxy)-ethyl]-3-(cyclopent-1-enyl)-benzylamine, a multimodal ligand with 5-HT1A receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist properties
We wst臋pie niniejszej pracy przedstawiono kr贸tk膮 charakterystyk臋 schizofrenii oraz jej farmakoterapi臋. Uwzgl臋dniono leki o najwi臋kszym znaczeniu terapeutycznym, z naciskiem na ligandy maj膮ce komponent臋 agonistyczn膮 wobec receptor贸w 5-HT1A. Nast臋pnie, opisano rol臋 tych receptor贸w w terapii schizofrenii. Przedstawiono tak偶e leki pobudzaj膮ce receptor 5-HT1A, b臋d膮ce w fazie bada艅 klinicznych oraz takie, kt贸re na tym etapie zdyskwalifikowano. Z uwagi na niedostateczn膮 skuteczno艣膰 terapeutyczn膮 oraz mnogo艣膰 dzia艂a艅 niepo偶膮danych neuroleptyk贸w, zasadnym jest poszukiwanie nowych kandydat贸w na leki przeciwpsychotyczne. Zwi膮zek F15063, czyli N-[(2,2-dimetylo-2,3-dihydrobenzofurano-7-yloksy)etylo]-3-(cyklopent-1-enylo)-benzyloamina, wykazuje dualny mechanizm dzia艂ania, b臋d膮c silnym antagonist膮 receptor贸w D2 oraz pe艂nym agonist膮 receptor贸w 5-HT1A. Warunkuje to minimalizacj臋 dzia艂a艅 niepo偶膮danych, przy jednocze艣nie wysokiej skuteczno艣ci w niwelowaniu objaw贸w choroby. F15063 charakteryzuje si臋 jednak wysok膮 lipofilowo艣ci膮 i nisk膮 stabilno艣ci膮 metaboliczn膮, wobec czego zasadnym jest optymalizacja jego struktury. To z kolei wymaga efektywnych metod syntezy tego typu uk艂ad贸w. W 艣wietle powy偶szego, postanowiono zoptymalizowa膰 opisan膮 dotychczas syntez臋 zwi膮zku F15063. Now膮 艣cie偶k臋 syntetyczn膮 zaprojektowano tak, aby by艂a efektywna i dogodna dla tworzenia nowych pochodnych. W cz臋艣ci do艣wiadczalnej opisano szczeg贸艂owo metodologi臋 syntezy, opart膮 na dw贸ch analizach retrosyntetycznych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych bada艅 uzyskano zwi膮zek F15063 oraz otrzymano kilka jego pochodnych, kt贸rych struktur nie mo偶na ujawni膰, ze wzgl臋du na ich charakter aplikacyjny i zwi膮zane z tym plany ochrony w艂asno艣ci intelektualnej (patentowanie). Struktury otrzymanych zwi膮zk贸w potwierdzono analiz膮 widm 1H NMR, 13C NMR, a ich czysto艣膰 zbadano z wykorzystaniem chromatografii cienkowarstwowej (TLC) oraz chromatografii cieczowej sprz臋偶onej ze spektrometri膮 mas (LC-MS). Otrzymane zwi膮zki przekazano do farmakologicznych bada艅 in vitro, maj膮cych na celu oceni膰 ich powinowactwo, aktywno艣膰 wewn臋trzn膮 wobec receptor贸w D2 oraz 5 HT1A, selektywno艣膰 oraz stabilno艣膰 metaboliczn膮.A brief description of schizophrenia and its pharmacotherapy were discussed in the introduction part. The drugs with the highest therapeutic significance were included, with emphasis on ligands having an agonist component for 5-HT1A receptors. Next, the role of these receptors in the therapy of schizophrenia was described. Description also covered the drugs that stimulate the 5-HT1A receptor being in clinical trials and those that were disqualified at this stage. Due to inadequate therapeutic efficacy and the multiplicity of neuroleptic side effects, it is reasonable to seek new candidates for antipsychotics.Compound F15063, N-[(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yloxy)-ethyl]-3-(cyclopent-1-enyl)-benzylamine, has a dual mechanism of action, being a potent D2 receptor antagonist and a full 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It accounts for minimization of side effects, while at the same time being highly effective in reducing the symptoms of the disease. However, F15063 is characterized by high lipophilicity and low metabolic stability, so it is reasonable to optimize its structure. Since there is a need of effective methods for synthesis of this type of compounds, it has been decided to optimize the synthesis of F15063 described previously. The new synthetic path was designed to be effective and convenient for obtaining of new derivatives.The experimental part describes in detail the synthesis methodology, based on two retrosynthetic analyzes. As a result of the research, the compound F15063 and several derivatives were obtained. The structures of the latter cannot be revealed, due to their application nature and related intellectual property protection plans (patenting). The structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectra, and their purity was examined by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS).The obtained compounds were transferred to in vitro pharmacological tests aimed at assessing their affinity, intrinsic activity at the D2 and 5-HT1A receptors, selectivity and metabolic stability