Host stage preference, efficacy and fecundity of parasitoids attacking Drosophila suzukii in newly invaded areas

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) causes severe damage to certain fruit crops in both North America and Europe. This may be due, in part, to the absence of specialized natural enemies that suppress population outbreaks. We performed a series of experiments under controlled laboratory conditions in tandem with a field study to evaluate the presence and efficacy of natural enemies associated with this pest in Italian and western United States fruit production regions. Our study involved one larval parasitoid, Leptopilina heterotoma (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), and two pupal parasitoids, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Trichopria drosophilae (Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae). Three indices were used to describe host-parasitoid interactions: degree of infestation (DI), success rate of parasitism (SP) and total encapsulation rate (TER). Results confirmed that each of these parasitoid species can develop on certain populations of the pest. In addition, host stage preferences of the tested parasitoid populations, developmental parameters and lifetime fecundity of North American P. vindemiae are provided. Results are discussed with respect to differences in potential utilization of D. suzukii among the tested parasitoid species and regional populations.Keywords: Leptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), Parasitoid, Trichopria drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), Biological control, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae

Recent trends in management strategies for two major maize borers: Ostrinia nubilalis and Sesamia nonagrioides

23 p.-2 tab.Stem borers (Lepidoptera) are common cereal pests. In many parts of the world, the species Ostrinia nubilalis and Sesamia nonagrioides stand out as important insect pests of economically important crops such as maize. Their management relied mainly on transgenic host plant resistance over the last 25 years. Technologies based on the insecticidal properties of Bacillus thuringiensis-derived proteins allowed widespread pest population suppression, especially for O. nubilalis. However, the recent discovery of Bt resistance, which has revitalized interest in both pests’ biology and management, may jeopardize the effectiveness of such transgenic technologies. Historical information on O. nubilalis bionomy may need to be reassessed in light of changing climate conditions and changing agricultural practices, as well as increased production of alternate host crops across its distribution range. The current paper examines the bioecology and historical research that has been conducted to manage these two important maize-boring pests.N

Determination of some biological characteristics for controling of the olive leaf moth, palpita unionalis (hubn.) (lepidoptera: pyralidae) damages on olive in eastern mediterranean region.

TEZ9250Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2011.Kaynakça (s. 99-106) var.xv, 131 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm.Bu çalışma; 2008–2010 yılları arasında Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi zeytin bahçelerinde yürütülmüştür. 2008 yılı sörvey çalışmalarına göre, Zeytin fidantırtılı Palpita unionalis (Hübn.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ile bulaşıklığın Osmaniye (% 76) ilinde en yoğun Kilis (% 16) ilinde ise en düşük seviyede olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Zararlının biyolojisi, Adana’da bulunan bir zeytin bahçesinde dal kafeslerde Ağustos- Eylül ve Eylül- Aralık 2009’da olmak üzere iki farklı zamanda çalışılmıştır. İlk dal kafes çalışmasında, yaşam süresini doğada ortalama 28.2 0C, % 70,1 nemde 38.4 günde ve ikinci dal kafes çalışmasında ise, ortalama 18.4 0C, % 64.4 nemde 61.6 günde tamamlamıştır. Ergin yaşam süresinin birincide 6.17±0.41 ve ikinci de ise 9.22±0.60 gün sürdüğü tespit edilmiştir. Dişi başına ortalama yumurta sayısı da 198 ve 177 adet olarak belirlenmiştir. Zararlının doğada eşey oranı 1 1 bulunmuştur. Palpita unionalis esas zararını zeytinin taze sürgün ve yapraklarında yapmasına karşın, özellikle ikinci döl larvalarının zeytin meyvelerinde de beslendiği ve % 0.3-2.8 oranında ürün kaybına neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Zararlı tüm yıl boyunca zeytin bahçelerinde aktif olarak gelişmesine devam etmekte olup, kış aylarında ağırlıklı olarak 2. ve 3. larva dönemlerine rastlanmaktadır. Larva populasyonun Mayıs- Temmuz ayları arasında en yüksek seviyeye ulaşmıştır. Zararlının yılda 4–6 döl verebileceği kanısına varılmıştır. P. unionalis’in 9 adet parazitoit ve 21 adet predatörü saptanmış olup, bunlardan Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius) ve Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)’nın önemli predatörler, Trichogramma evanescens Westw. ve Apanteles brunnistigma Abdinbekova ise önemli parazitoitler olduğu tespit edilmiştir.This study was carried out in olive orchards in the East Mediterranean Region in 2008-2010. In 2008 surveys, infection rate of Olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis (Hübn.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was determined the highest in Osmaniye (76 %) and the lowest in Kilis (16 %). The biology of the pest was studied in an olive orchard in Adana for two separate periods, from August to September and from September to December in 2009. The life cycle in the first period was 38,4 days at 28.2 C, 70.1 % R.H and in the second period 61.6 days at 18.4 C, 64.4 % R.H., The duration of adult stage was determined 6.17 ± 0.41 days in the first and 9.22 ± 0.60 days in the second periods. Also, the average number of eggs laid per female was 198 and 177. The female:male ratio was found about 1:1. Although P. unionalis primarily damaged succulent shoots and leaves of olive trees, especially the second generation larvae were determined to feed on olive fruits and caused 0.3-2.8 % crop loss. The pest was active and continued to develop throughout the year in olive orchards and mainly the 2nd and 3rd instar larvae were found in winter months. The larvae population reached to highest levels between May and July. It was conculuded that 4-6 generations occurred in a year. In this study, 9 parasitoits and 21 predators of P. unionalis were detected. Among these species Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius) and ve Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)were found the most important predators while Trichogramma evanescens Westw. and Apanteles brunnistigma Abdinbekova were the most important parasitoids.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: ZF2008D3

Zeytin güvesi, parys oleae Bern. (Lepidoptera : Hyponomeutidae)'nın bazı zeytin çeşitlerinde popülasyon gelişmesinin saptanması

TEZ5703Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2006.Kaynakça (s. 42-48) var.viii, 53 s. : rnk. res. ; 29 cm.…Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje No: ZF2004YL4

The biology of the Olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis (Hübn.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in natural conditions

Bu çalışma doğa koşullarında Gemlik çeşidinden oluşan zeytin bitkileri (Olea europae L.) üzerinde dal kafeslerde ağustos-eylül ve eylül-aralık 2009’da olmak üzere iki farklı zamanda yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmada Zeytin fidantırtılı Palpita unionalis (Hübn.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’in ergin yaşam süresi, bir dişi kelebeğin bıraktığı ortalama yumurta sayısı, yumurta açılım süresi, larva, prepupa ve pupa süresi ile döl süresinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma sonunda; bu zararlının ilk dal kafes çalışmasında doğada yaşam süresini ortalama 28.2 °C, %70.1 nemde yaklaşık 38.4 günde ve ikinci dal kafes çalışmasında ise ortalama 18.4 °C, %64.4 nemde yaklaşık 61.6 günde tamamlamıştır. Ergin yaşam süresinin birincide 6.17±0.41 (3-13) ve ikinci de ise 9.22±0.60 (3-21) gün sürdüğü tespit edilmiştir. P. unionalis’in bir dişi bireyinin yaşamı boyunca ilk çalışmada ortalama 233 (4–638) adet, ikincide 296 (29–643) adet yumurta bıraktıkları saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, P. unionalis’in yumurta açılma süresi; ilk çalışmada ortalama 3.45±0.13 (3-5) günde, ikincide 4.33±0.10 (4–5) gün olduğu belirlenmiştir. P. unionalis erginleri geceleri aktiftir, yumurtalarını tek veya 2-28’li gruplar halinde genellikle yaprakların alt yüzeyine koymaktadırlar. Larva süresini, ilk çalışmada ortalama 18.50±0.56 (16–20) günde, ikincide ise 26.25±0.82 (23–32) günde tamamlamıştır. Prepupa süresi, ilk çalışmada ortalama 1.63±0.18 (1–2) günken, ikincide 1.73±0.35 (1–5) gün olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, P. unionalis’in pupa süresi, ilk çalışmada ortalama 8.63±0.60 (6–10) gün bulunurken, diğerinde 20.30±1.92 (13–33) gün olduğu belirlenmiştir.This study was carried out on Gemlik variety olive plants (Olea europae L.) in branches cages with two different periods, from August to September and from September to December in 2009, at natural conditions in Adana. In this study, some biological characters of Palpita unionalis (Hübn.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) such as adult longevity, female egg numbers, hatching period of eggs, larvae, prepupa and pupa longevity were studied. At the end of this study; average life span in nature was found about 38.4 days at 28.2 °C, 70.1% R.H at the first branch cages study and it was completed in 61.6 days at 18.4 °C, 64.4% R.H. at the second branch cages study. The duration of adult stage was determined as 6.17±0.41 (3-13) days in the first and 9.22±0.60 (3-21) days in the second study. The number of eggs laid per female were ranged from 4 to 638 (average 233) and from 29 to 643 (average 296) for the first and second study, respectively. Also, the eggs were hatched about 3.45±0.13 (3-5) days and 4.33±0.10 (4-5) days. P. unionalis adults were active at night and laid 2-28 eggs as single or in groups usually on the lower surface of leaves. The duration of larval stage development was 18.50±0.56 (16-20) days for the first, while the second was 26.25±0.82 (23-32) days. The average prepupa stage duration was found 1.63±0.18 (1-2) days in the first period and 1.73±0.35 (1-5) days for the second period. The pupa stage was also determined 8.63±0.60 (6-10) days and 20.30±1.92 (13-33) days for the first and second studies, respectively

Parasitoids and predators of Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in olive orchards

Özet: Bu çalışma, 2007–2009 yıllarında Adana, Gaziantep, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Mersin ve Osmaniye illeri zeytin bahçelerinde yürütülmüştür. Polifag bir zararlı olan Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)’nın yumurta, larva ve pupa dönemleri ile bulaşık sürgünleri zeytin bahçelerinden laboratuara getirilmiş ve parazitoitlerini belirlemek amacıyla kültüre alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada C. pronubana’nın toplam 8 parazitoit ve predatör türü belirlenmiştir. Parazitoit türleri; Pristomerus armatus (Lucas), Itoplectis maculator (Fabricius), Pimpla turionellae (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) ve Apanteles spp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), predatörleri; Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius), Anthocoris confusus Reuter (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) ve Coccinella semptempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) olarak tespit edilmiştiAbstract: This study was conducted in olive growing areas of Adana, Gaziantep, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Osmaniye and Mersin provinces during the years of 2007-2009. The twigs infested by eggs, larvae and pupae of Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) which is a polyphagous pest were brought from these orchards and predators reared in the laboratory. A total of 8 parasitoid and predator species of C. pronubana on olive trees were identified in this study. The parasitoid species were Pristomerus armatus (Lucas), Itoplectis maculator (Fabricius), Pimpla turionellae (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Apanteles spp . (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius), Anthocoris confusus Reuter (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Coccinella semptempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were determined as predator species

Interaction Between Two Important Parasitoids (Apanteles brunnistigma and Trichogramma evanescens) and Their Host Palpita unionalis in Olive Groves of the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Zeytin fidantırtılı, Palpita unionalis (Hübn.) (Lepidoptera: Carambidae) zeytinin özellikle yaprak ve sürgün gibi yeşil aksamını ve yüksek popülasyonlarda meyveleri tüketerek zarar veren önemli bir türdür. Türkiye'de bu zararlının yerli parazitoitlerinin parazitlenme oranı bilinmemektedir. Bu amaçla, P. unionalis ile larva parazitoiti Apanteles brunnistigma Abdinbekova (Hymenoptera: Brachonidae) ve yumurta parazitoiti Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) arasındaki ilişki ile parazitlenme oranları tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma, Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi zeytin bahçelerinde 2009-2010 yılları arasında Erzin (Hatay), Kadirli (Osmaniye), Tarsus (Mersin) ve Sarıçam (Adana)'da dört zeytin bahçesinde yürütülmüştür. İki parazitoitin örneklemesi, iki yıl boyunca periyodik olarak Nisan ayından Kasım ayı sonuna kadar haftada bir, Aralık ayından Mart ayı sonuna kadar iki haftada bir yapılmıştır. Trichogramma evanescens tarafından parazitlenen zararlı yumurtaları, iki yıl süresince Nisan sonundan Aralık ayı sonuna kadar yedisekiz ay boyunca tespit edilmiştir. T. evanescens için parazitlenme oranı iki yıl için Erzin'de % 13.8-100, Kadirli'de % 11.1-100, Tarsus'da % 9.1-100 ve Sarıçam'da % 1.4-100 arasında bulunmuştur. P. unionalis'in larva parazitoiti olan A. brunnistigma'nın iki yıl boyunca Mayıs sonu-Kasım sonu arasında beş-altı ay aktif olduğu tespit edilmiştir. A. brunnistigma'nın parazitlenme oranı iki yıl için Erzin'de % 0.5-100, Kadirli'de % 2.6-33.3, Tarsus'da % 5.3-14.3 ve Sarıçam'da % 1.4-10.2 arasında bulunmuştur.Olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis (Hübn.) (Lepidoptera: Carambidae) is an important species which damages by consuming green organs of olive trees such as leaves and twings and fruits at high population. It has not been completely known the parasitism rate of its native parasitoids in Turkey. For this aim, the study was conducted to determine the interaction between olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis (Hübn.) (Lepidoptera: Carambidae) and its larval parasitoid, Apanteles brunnistigma Abdinbekova (Hymenoptera: Brachonidae) and egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), as well as their parasitism rates. The study was conducted on four olive groves in Erzin (Hatay), Kadirli (Osmaniye), Tarsus (Mersin) and SarıÇam (Adana) in the eastern Mediterranean region between 2009 and 2010. Both parasitoids were checked weekly from April to November and forthnightly rest of the months during two years. Parasited eggs were detected between the end of April and December during seven and eight months for both years. The parasitism rate caused by T. evanescens was calculated between 13.83 and 100% in Erzin, 11.1 and 100% in Kadirli, 9.1 and 100% in Tarsus, 1.4 and 100% in SarıÇam for two years. Apanteles brunnistigma which is larva parasitoid of P. unionalis was determined to be actived between at the end of May and November during five and six months for two years. The parasitism rate of A. brunnistigma was calculated between 0.5 and 100% in Erzin, 2.6 and 33.3% in Kadirli, 5.3 and 14.3% in Tarsus, 1.4 and 10.2% in SarıÇam

Temporal Dynamics of Host Use by Drosophila suzukii in California’s San Joaquin Valley: Implications for Area-Wide Pest Management

A major challenge to the area-wide management of Drosophila suzukii is understanding the fly’s host use and temporal dynamics, which may dictate local movement patterns. We determined D. suzukii’s seasonal host use in California’s San Joaquin Valley by sampling common crop and non-crop fruits in a temporal sequence of fruit ripening. We then evaluated the suitability of selected fruits as hosts. Drosophila suzukii emerged from both intact and damaged cherries during the cooler, early season period. Fly density remained low through the hot spring–summer period and re-surged as temperatures lowered in fall when the fly did not cause damage to intact peach, nectarine, plum, pear, grape, pomegranate, apple, persimmon and citrus (in order of ripening) but did emerge from the damaged fruits of these crops. The fly also emerged from two ornamental fruits (loquats and cactus) but was not found on wild plum and two endemic wild fruits (buckthorn and bitter berry). Drosophila suzukii completed development (egg to adult) on cactus, mandarin carpel, pomegranate seed, wild plum and buckthorn at survival rates similar to cherry (51.2–68.8%), whereas it had a lower survival rate on bitter cherry (33.2%), table grape (31.5%), raisin grape (26.5%), and wine grape (4.5%). The high acidity levels of grapes negatively affected the fly’s fitness. Among 10 cherry cultivars, survival rate was not affected by sugar content, but it decreased with increasing egg density per gram of fruit. Results suggest that in California’s San Joaquin Valley, the early season crops are most vulnerable, summer fruits ripen during a period of low pest pressure, and late season fruits, when damaged, serve to sustain D. suzukii’s populations in this region

A new pest of walnut orchards of Turkey, Walnut leaf miner Caloptilia roscipennella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)]

Bu çalışma; 2012-2013 yıllarında Kahramanmaraş, Adana, Osmaniye, Mersin, Gaziantep, Kilis ve Adıyaman ceviz bahçelerinde yürütülmüştür. Türkiye’de daha önce varlığı bilinen, ancak konukçu olarak kaydı bulunmayan Ceviz yaprak galerigüvesi [Caloptilia roscipennella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)]’nin cevizlerde zararlı olduğu ilk kez bu çalışmada saptanmıştır. Çalışmada; C. roscipennella’nın ceviz bahçelerindeki zarar şekli, zarar durumu, yaygınlığı ve doğal düşmanlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda; Kahramanmaraş ili ceviz bahçelerinde C. roscipennella’nın yapraklardaki larva zararı ilk olarak nisan ayı ikinci yarısında ve ergin çıkışı da mayıs ayı ilk yarısında belirlenmiştir. Sürgünlerdeki larva sayısı ise haziran ayının ikinci yarısı ile temmuz ayının ilk yarısında en yüksek seviyeye ulaşmıştır. Yapılan sürveylerde; Kahramanmaraş (Merkez, Çağlayancerit, Türkoğlu), Adana (Pozantı, Feke, Saimbeyli, Tufanbeyli), Mersin (Çamlıyayla), Adıyaman (Gölbaşı) illeri ceviz bahçelerinin C. roscipennella ile bulaşık; Osmaniye, Gaziantep ve Kilis ili ceviz bahçelerinin ise bulaşık olmadığı belirlenmiştir. C. roscipennella larvasının cevizin genç sürgünlerindeki yapraklarda galeriler açarak rulo şeklinde kıvrılmalara ve daha sonra da bu kısımlarda kurumalara neden olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu zararın fidanlıklarda ve genç bahçelerde önemli olabileceği, ancak büyük ağaçlarda sorun olmadığı ve ağaçların sürgün verimiyle bu zararı tolere ettiği gözlenmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca; C. roscipennella’nın predatörü olarak Forficula auricularia L., Coccinella septempunctata L., Oenopla conglobate (L.), Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata (L.), parazitoit olarak da Apanteles sp., Hockeria unicolor Walker, H. bifasciata Walker, Figitidae sp. ve Itoplectis maculator (Fabricius) türleri saptanmıştır.This study was carried out in walnut orchards of Kahramanmaraş, Adana, Osmaniye, Mersin, Gaziantep, Kilis and Adıyaman provinces between 2012 and 2013. Although Walnut leaf miner, Caloptilia roscipennella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is previously known in Turkey, this is the first record as a pest on walnut trees. In this study; invention is focused to determine the natural enemies and distribution, loss situation, damage type of C. roscipennella in walnut orchards. In the end of this study, it was determined that the first larvae damage on leaves at the second half of April, the first adult emerging of C. roscipennella at the first half of May and the highest larvae population on shoots was between the second half of June and the first half of July. In the survey studies, although C. roscipennella was determined in the walnut orchards of Kahramanmaraş (Central, Çağlayancerit, Türkoğlu), Adana (Pozantı, Feke, Saimbeyli, Tufanbeyli), Mersin (Çamlıyayla) and Adıyaman (Gölbaşı), it wasn’t found in the walnut orchards of Osmaniye, Gaziantep and Kilis. It was detected that the larvae of C. roscipennella formed the cone-like habitations and mined to feed within the leaves and later caused drying on this part of the leaves. It has been observed that this damage can be important in the nurseries and young orchards, but it is not a problem on the old trees which tolerate the damage with the efficiency of the shoots. It was also determined that the species of Forficula auricularia L. and Coccinella septempunctata L., Oenopla conglobate (L.), Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata (L.) as predators and Apanteles sp., Hockeria unicolor Walker, H. bifasciata Walker, Figitidae sp. and Itoplectis maculator (Fabricius) as parasitoids of C. roscipennella

Temporal Dynamics of Host Use by Drosophila suzukii in California's San Joaquin Valley: Implications for Area-Wide Pest Management.

A major challenge to the area-wide management of Drosophila suzukii is understanding the fly's host use and temporal dynamics, which may dictate local movement patterns. We determined D. suzukii's seasonal host use in California's San Joaquin Valley by sampling common crop and non-crop fruits in a temporal sequence of fruit ripening. We then evaluated the suitability of selected fruits as hosts. Drosophila suzukii emerged from both intact and damaged cherries during the cooler, early season period. Fly density remained low through the hot spring-summer period and re-surged as temperatures lowered in fall when the fly did not cause damage to intact peach, nectarine, plum, pear, grape, pomegranate, apple, persimmon and citrus (in order of ripening) but did emerge from the damaged fruits of these crops. The fly also emerged from two ornamental fruits (loquats and cactus) but was not found on wild plum and two endemic wild fruits (buckthorn and bitter berry). Drosophila suzukii completed development (egg to adult) on cactus, mandarin carpel, pomegranate seed, wild plum and buckthorn at survival rates similar to cherry (51.2-68.8%), whereas it had a lower survival rate on bitter cherry (33.2%), table grape (31.5%), raisin grape (26.5%), and wine grape (4.5%). The high acidity levels of grapes negatively affected the fly's fitness. Among 10 cherry cultivars, survival rate was not affected by sugar content, but it decreased with increasing egg density per gram of fruit. Results suggest that in California's San Joaquin Valley, the early season crops are most vulnerable, summer fruits ripen during a period of low pest pressure, and late season fruits, when damaged, serve to sustain D. suzukii's populations in this region