The Development of Corrosion Processes on Weathering Steel Bridges

AbstractThis paper deals with experimental corrosion tests carried out on weathering steel bridges. The basic property of the weathering steel is its ability to create a protective layer on its surface in favorable environments. This protective layer called patina covers the surface of the whole structure, protects against external climatic influences and the construction resists completely without an anticorrosion coating. This paper presents the program of experimental atmospheric corrosion test carried out on road bridges made of weathering structural steel. The article presents results of corrosion tests after one year of exposure of corrosion specimens. This paper describes the influence of the position and location of an exposed surface, evaluates the different development on typical surfaces affected by leaking water and explains the high degree of correlation dependence between measured corrosion loss and average thickness of corrosion products

Introduction: The Participatory Turn in Urbanism

<p>This issue of Footprint examines the recent participatory turn in urban planning and urban design. It discusses the co-opting of participatory processes by planning departments, the systematic disregard of inequalities, and the empowering of the market resulting from the ‘anti-statism’ present in many participatory schemes.</p><p>What is the relationship between the institutionalisation of participation and the practices of autonomy, self-organisation, and inclusion? When and how does genuine empowerment of collectives take place? Does the demand for the empowerment of local organisations and communities strengthen the market forces at the expense of central government?</p><p>This issue attempts to problematise ‘participation’, to call attentions to some of its shortcomings, deficits, and limitations, not in order to necessarily bypass the demand for the democratisation of the urban, but in order to rectify and strengthen it.</p

Robotics and automation in the city: a research agenda

Globally cities are becoming experimental sites for new forms of robotic and automation technologies applied across a wide variety of sectors in multiple areas of economic and social life. As these innovations leave the laboratory and factory, this paper analyses how robotics and automation systems are being layered upon existing urban digital networks, extending the capabilities and capacities of human agency and infrastructure networks, and reshaping the city and citizen’s everyday experiences. To date, most work in this field has been speculative and isolated in nature. We set out a research agenda that goes beyond analysis of discrete applications and effects, to investigate how robotics and automation connect across urban domains and the implications for: differential urban geographies, the selective enhancement of individuals and collective management of infrastructures, the socio-spatial sorting of cities and the potential for responsible urban innovation

Continuity and Change in Slovakia 1992

Political attitudes and participation, attitudes towards the state, value system and questions of morality. Topics: Evaluation of changes after November 1989; opinion on whether this change was necessary or not; winner and losers of the change; break-in of the "great history" into the micro-environment; living standard 3 years after; property restitutions; entrepreneurship; taking part in the voucher privatisation; investing money; opinions on privatisation; experience with the first private businesses; conflicts between groups within society; changes in companies and ascribing responsibility for the prevalent problems; evaluation of historical periods and politically relevant personalities from the past; general economic and political opinions; problems related to the splitting of Czechoslovakia and Slovakia´s existence as an independent country; causes of the split; voting at the referendum; expectations for the following year; living standard; unemployment; economic reforms; market economy.Politische Partizipation und Einstellungen, Haltung zum Staat, Wertesystem und Moral. Themen: Bewertung der Veränderung nach 1989; Gewinner und Verlierer; Lebensstandard drei Jahre nach der Restitution; Selbständigkeit; Beteiligung an der Privatisierung (Voucher); Geldanlage; Haltung zur Privatisierung; Erfahrungen mit den ersten privaten Unternehmen; Konfliktgruppen in der Gesellschaft; Veränderungen in der Betrieben und Verantwortlichkeiten; Bewertung der historischen Perioden und Personen aus der Vergangenheit; allgemeine politische und ökonomische Einstellungen; Haltung zur Aufteilung in Slowakischer und Tschechischer Republik; Ursachen der Teilung; Wahlabsicht im Referendum; Erwartungen für das nächste Jahr; Lebensstandard; Arbeitslosigkeit; ökonomische Reformen; Marktwirtschaft. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Ortsgröße; Region; Nationalität; westliche Sprachen; Bildung; Bildung des Vaters; Beruf; Familienstand; Anzahl der Kinder im Haushalt

Collective Identities in Slovakia 2003

Collectivity, collectively shared opinions and collective symbols historical consciousness and cultural inclinations. Topics: Environment respondents grew up in; language; reference groups and negative group definition; positioning oneself in relation to the ideas and cultures; history: personalities, events, periods, national history, traumas, the country´s cultural identity; value systems, political opinions, recognised symbols; relation to other close nations; Slovaks and Hungarians; cultural identity; freedom and social security; poor vs. rich; roots of anger; immigrants and minorities; European Union membership.Kollektivität, kollektive Meinungen und Symbole sowie historisches Bewusstsein und kulturelle Neigungen. Themen: Umgebung, in der Befragte aufgewachsen ist; Sprache; Bezugsgruppen und negative Gruppendefinitionen; Positionierung in Bezug auf Ideen und Kulturen; historische Persönlichkeiten; Ereignisse; Perioden; nationale Geschichte; Traumata; kulturelle Identität des Landes; Wertesystem; politische Einstellungen; Symbole; Beziehung zu anderen Nationen; Slowaken und Ungarn; kulturelle Identität; Freiheit und soziale Sicherheit; arm vs. reich; Immigranten and Minderheiten; EU Mitgliedschaft. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Nationalität; Bildung; Beruf; Familienstand

THE LEGAL RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN CANADA.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the legal rights and responsibilities of Canadian university students in order to provide information to university administrators. Three specific procedures were used to obtain data. The first, a compilation of Canadian higher level court cases involving students, produced 40 cases which were heard between 1848 and 1981. The second procedure led to approximately two dozen articles and books related to student rights and responsibilities. A summary of the cases and opinions published in legal articles was presented since no compilation of such information had been previously attempted. The third procedure was to send a questionnaire to the registrars of Canada's 51 degree-granting institutions requesting information on the concerns of universities regarding legal rights of students and asking for information on lower level court cases which they knew had taken place between their institution and students. Forty-five responses were received which included information about 37 cases. A brief outline of the cases was presented. An analysis of the legal proceedings and opinions published in legal articles identified a pattern of rights and responsibilities for students and institutions. Rights and responsibilities were discussed with regard to court adjudication into university affairs, the role of the Visitor, Board of Governors, the power of acts, discrimination, public v. private institutions, refusal of admission, natural justice and the existence of a contractual relationship. It was found that the rights of students did differ among the provinces. It was not possible to predict what circumstances would result in students, universities or others being the plaintiff in a legal proceeding. An analysis of questionnaire responses indicated that the majority of respondents were concerned about protection against legal proceedings by students. This concern had increased in recent years due to student awareness about legal rights and administrator concern about possible suits. The 37 cases reported by respondents followed a similar pattern of grievances to those heard at the higher court levels. Steps were being taken by institutions to handle the disputes of students internally so as to prevent grievances from reaching the courts. Based on the material presented in the study, guidelines were formulated for consideration by university administrators. These guidelines dealt with practical matters such as appeal committees, the calendar, and privacy of educational records

Characterization of Corrosion Products on Weathering Steel Bridges Influenced by Chloride Deposition

The article presents the results of experimental testing of corrosion processes on weathering steel bridges. Two bridge structures spanning various obstacles were selected for the experimental measurement. The tested bridges are situated in the same location and structural solution of these bridges is similar. Differences in development of corrosion products are mainly affected by the microclimate below the bridge structure. Special attention is paid to a bridge over the motorway which is strongly affected by the deposition of chlorides. The dependences between the measured deposition of chlorides and parameters of corrosion layers (thickness of corrosion products, corrosion rates, and chemical composition) are discussed and evaluated in this article