Neuroimaging in Cerebral Palsy – Report from North India

How to Cite This Article: Aggarwal A, Mittal H, Debnath SKR, Rai A. Neuroimaging in Cerebral Palsy–Report from North India. Iran J Child Neurol. 2013 Autumn; 7(3):41- 46. ObjectiveOnly few Indian reports exist on neuroimaging abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy (CP) from India. Materials & MethodsWe studied the clinico-radiological profile of 98 children diagnosed as CP at a tertiary centre in North India. Relevant investigations were carried out to determine the etiology. ResultsAmong the 98 children studied, 80.5% were males and 22.2% were premature. History of birth asphyxia was present in 41.9%. Quadriplegic CP was seen in 77.5%, hemiplegic in 11.5%, and diplegic in 10.5%. Other abnormalities were microcephaly (60.5%), epilepsy (42%), visual abnormality (37%), and hearing abnormality (20%). Neuroimaging was abnormal in 94/98 (95.91%).Abnormalities were periventricular white matter abnormalities (34%), deep grey matter abnormalities (47.8%), malformations (11.7%), and miscellaneous lesions (6.4%). Neuroimaging findings did not relate to the presence of birth asphyxia, sex, epilepsy, gestation, type of CP, or microcephaly. ConclusionsNeuroimaging is helpful for etiological diagnosis, especially malformations.  ReferencesSinghi PD, Ray M, Suri G. Clinical spectrum of cerebral palsy in north India-an analysis of 1000 cases. J Trop Pediatr 2002 48(3); 162-6.Sharma P, Sharma U, Kabra A. Cerebral Palsy-Clinical Profile and Predisposing Factors. Indian Pediatr 1999;36(10):1038-42.Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Antecedents of cerebral palsy. Multivariate analysis of risk. N Engl J Med 1986 315(2):81-6.Krägeloh-Mann I, Horber V. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in elucidating the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007; 49(2):144-51.Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D, et al. A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl 2007;109:8-14.http://www.newbornwhocc.org/pdf/database.pdfRikomen R, Raumanvrita S, Sinivuori E, Seppala T. Changing pattern of cerebral palsy in southwest region of Finland. Acta Pediatr Scand 1989; 78(4):581-7.Pharaoh POD, Plat MJ, Cooke T. The changing epidemiology of cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child 1996;75(3): F169-73.Eischer PS, Batshaw M. Cerebral Palsy. Ped Clin North Am 1993;40(3):537-51.Bax M, Tydeman BA, Flodmark O. Clininical and MRI correlates of cerebral palsy: the European Cerebral PalsyStudy. JAMA 2006; 296(13):1602-08.Korzeniewski SJ, Birbeck G, DeLano MC, Potchen MJ, Paneth N. A systematic review of neuroimaging for cerebral palsy. Journal of Child Neurology 2008;23(2):216-27.Robinson MN, Peake LJ, Ditchfield MR, Reid SM. Magnetic Resonance imaging findings in population based cohort of children with cerebral palsy Dev Med Child Neurol 2009; 51(1):39-45.Shevell M, Ashwal S, Donley D, Flint J, Gingold M, Hirtz D, et al. Practice parameter: Evaluation of the child with global developmental delay: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and The Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2003; 60(3); 367-80.Ashwal S, Russman BS, Blasco PA, Miller G, Sandler A, Shevell M, et al. Practice parameter: diagnostic assessment of the child with cerebralpalsy: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2004; 23;62(6): 851-63.

Real-Time SARS-CoV-2 Genotyping by High-Throughput Multiplex PCR Reveals the Epidemiology of the Variants of Concern in Qatar

Complementing whole genome sequencing strategies with high-throughput multiplex RT-qPCR genotyping allows for more comprehensive and real-time tracking of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. During the second and third waves of COVID-19 in Qatar, PCR genotyping, combined with Sanger sequencing of un-typeable samples, was employed to describe the epidemiology of the Alpha, Beta and Delta variants. A total of 9792 nasopharyngeal PCR-positive samples collected between April-June 2021 were successfully genotyped, revealing the importation and transmission dynamics of these three variants in Qatar

Hardware validation of hybrid MPPT technique via Novel ML controller and P&O method

The proposed paper deals with the hardware validation of Hybrid Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique via Novel ML (Monotonous Learning) Controller & Perturb & Observe (P&O) Method. MPPT methods find its inability in handling periodic variation against tiny change in irradiance and temperature. Further, it also shows its inability in enhancing its dynamic responsiveness when irradiance varies quickly. To overcome these problems, this paper proposed a Novel ML controller incorporated with P&O method along with its hardware validation to confirm the suitability of this Novel controller in practical environment. Novel ML Controller can manage periodic fluctuations whenever there is a little irradiance to eliminate mistakes and steady state oscillations. To improve dynamic responsiveness when irradiance fluctuates fast, we are using P&O approach without dead time. The presented paper also discusses the design, stability analysis, hardware validation of proposed Novel ML Controller along with MATLAB simulation