〈報告〉中上級日本語学習者のための作文ガイドブックの開発

本稿では、中上級学習者のアカデミック・ジャパニーズのための作文学習を支援する作文ガイドブック作成に至る過程を概説し、試作した作文ガイドブックについて報告する。作文学習の際、日本語レベルを超えて共有すべき学習項目を特定し、レベル縦断の内容として各レベルの学習者が必要に応じて参照できれば、より学習効果が上がると考える。そこで、大学の補講日本語コースの中上級作文クラスにおいて、コースシラバス作成、レベルチェック作文分析の結果を踏まえて、作文ガイドブックの作成を行った。複数のレベルで誤用が見られる文体と文脈に関わる文法的な表現の中で学習項目として、文体、引用、接続詞・接続助詞、疑問文、文末表現、「る・た・ている」テンス・アスペクトという６項目を取り上げ、パワーポイント資料を作成した。共有できる学習資源として、作文授業を担当する教師や作文を書く学習者が利用しやすい内容や形式にして公開していくことが重要である。This paper outlines the process leading up to the preparation of a composition guidebook to support intermediate-advanced level learners learning composition for academic Japanese, and reports on the guidebook development. We hypothesize that during the composition learning process, learning will be more effective if learners, regardless of their levels, can refer to a set of essential learning items. Therefore, we prepared a composition guidebook based on the results of course syllabi and level check composition analysis in the intermediate-advanced composition classes of the supplementary Japanese language course of our university. At multiple learner levels, we observed errors related to style and context in grammar expression. Based on the errors, we selected six learning items, namely writing style, quotation, conjunction and conjunctive particles, interrogative sentences, sentence-ending expressions, and tense and aspect. We then created PowerPoint materials. As a learning resource that can be shared, it is important to make it accessible to both the teachers who are in charge of writing composition and to the learners who write compositions, in an easy-to-use content and format

Long-term stability in the winter diet of the Japanese serow (Artiodactyla, Caprinae)

The winter diets of northern ungulates are sensitive to changes in environmental conditions and ungulate population densities. We hypothesized that the winter diets of smaller browser ungulates might not readily change in response to fluctuating environmental conditions. We analyzed long-term trends in the winter diet of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) by analyzing rumen contents of 532 individuals over a span of 16 years among five populations along with changes in the population densities of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Nagano Prefecture, central Japan. The winter diet composition of the serow was stable over the long term despite the increase in deer population density. The little-flexible nature of the serow diet may explain the long-term stability in the winter diets

The FGF1/CPP-C chimera protein protects against intestinal adverse effects of C-ion radiotherapy without exacerbating pancreatic carcinoma

Background and purpose: Carbon ion (C-ion) beams are concentrated to irradiate pancreatic carcinoma in the upper abdomen; however, this radiotherapy potentially causes adverse reactions in the gastrointestinal tract. FGF1 is a candidate radioprotector for radiation-induced intestinal damage, but may promote the malignancy of pancreatic cancer. An FGF1/CPP-C chimeric protein was created to enhance the intracellular signaling mode of FGF1 instead of FGFR signaling. The present study investigated the effects of FGF1/CPP-C on the intestinal adverse reactions of C-ion radiotherapy as well as its influence on the malignancy of pancreatic cancer. Materials and methods: FGF1/CPP-C was administered intraperitoneally to BALB/c mice without heparin 12 h before total body irradiation (TBI) with low-LET C-ion (17 keV/μm) at 6–8 Gy. Several radioprotective effects were examined in the jejunum. The invasion and migration of the human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1 were assessed using Boyden chambers after cultures with FGF1/CPP-C. Results: The FGF1/CPP-C treatment promoted crypt survival after C-ion irradiation at 7–8 Gy significantly more than the FGF1 treatment. FGF1/CPP-C also inhibited C-ion radiotherapy-induced apoptosis and reduced γH2AX foci in crypt cells more than FGF1. However, FGF1/CPP-C inhibited the downstream signaling pathways of FGFRs and suppressed the activation of cell-cycle regulatory molecules in the intestine until 4 h after TBI. Furthermore, IEC6 cells were arrested in G2M after cultures with FGF1/CPP-C or FGF1, suggesting that DNA repair after irradiation is promoted by FGF1/CPP-C-induced G2M arrest. In contrast, FGF1/CPP-C appeared to be internalized into MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells more efficiently than FGF1. Therefore, FGF1/CPP-C reduced the in vitro proliferation, invasion, and migration of MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells significantly more than FGF1 through the cellular internalization of FGF1. Conclusion: These results suggest that the intracellular signaling mode of FGF1/CPP-C attenuates the intestinal adverse effects of C-ion radiotherapy without enhancing the malignancy of pancreatic carcinoma. Keywords: Carbon ion radiotherapy, FGF1, Cellular internalization, Intestinal adverse effects, Radioprotector, Pancreatic carcinom