Managing the Black Sea Anchovy Fishery with Nutrient Enrichment and a Biological Invader

Many marine systems are subject to high nutrient loadings together with invasions by exotic species. Devising appropriate management responses is an increasing concern and one that has received relatively little attention from researchers. This paper considers the Black Sea anchovy fishery, which has benefited from the relaxation of a nutrient constraint, but has suffered from competition and predation by an invading comb-jelly (Mnemiopsis leidyi). We examine alternative hypotheses about the mechanism triggering outbreaks of the invader (sea temperatures versus nutrients), and the severity of these outbreaks, to see whether a constant escapement policy might be optimal for this fishery. If nutrient levels serve as the triggering mechanism, we argue a mixed blessing effect may be present, so that the effects of nutrient abatement for the anchovy fishery are uncertain. We specify our model empirically and show that a constant escapement policy would be viable under a scenario of reduced impacts from outbreaks of the invader and that nutrient abatement could be beneficial if nutrients trigger outbreaks.Mnemiopsis leidyi, nutrient abatement, stochastic bioeconomic model, biological invasion, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, O3, O41, Q2, Q20, Q22,

The nature and impact of police/mentoring relationships on the attitudes and behaviours of youth.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of police mentoring relationships with youth on their attitudes and behaviours toward authority figures. The data was collected through a Case Study of the Essex Ontario Provincial Police Cop Camp. A random sample of 15 youths was studied. The participants were chosen by their teacher and their VIP officer because they showed some leadership potential but needed some discipline in that area. The counsellors of the camp were all O.P.P. officers who volunteered their time in order for the camp to be able to function. The participants of the camp were interviewed before and after their camp experiences, were asked to keep a journal and their parents were interviewed one month after camp was finished. In general, the results indicated that there was an impact on the youth created by the close relations they made with their counsellors who were police officers for the O.P.P. Their attitudes towards the role of the police officer were positive, and the participants all gained leadership skills while working under the strict expectations of the officers at the camp.Dept. of Education. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis2006 .K569. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-01, page: 0175. Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 2006

The Fiduciary Duties of Joint Venture Parties – When do They Arise and What Do They Comprise?

Joint Ventures are often used by parties in commercial enterprises where parties seek to achieve a common goal. One issue which is increasingly contentious is the extent to which, if any, joint venture parties owe each other fiduciary obligations. This paper refutes, as a dangerous heresy, the idea that joint venture relationships are discrete legal relationships that are inherently fiduciary in nature. The majority of self-styled "joint ventures" are, invariably, nothing more in legal terms than contracts. If parties are going to be bound by fiduciary duties, over and above the contractual duties they owe each other, this will only be so by virtue of the particular arrangement they have entered into which, on a thorough examination of the facts, is found to require each party to give unstinting loyalty to the other. Recent Australian case law bears this out

Disrupting unlawful exclusion from school of minoritised children and young people racialized as Black: using Critical Race Theory composite counter-storytelling

Utilising Critical Race Theory (CRT) as the analytical lens and CRT composite counter-storytelling as the method, this paper seeks to illuminate the experiences of minoritised children and young people racialised as Black in relation to encounters with the exclusionary practice called ‘off-rolling’. We conceptualise off-rolling as a hidden process of exclusion in education, and the stories shared in this paper bring into sharp focus the educational, relational and emotional impacts of camouflaged exclusionary practices. We offer four composite stories of exclusion to demonstrate how some of the most vulnerable, excluded, and marginalised young Black people from English urban cities experience further marginalisation because off-rolling, we argue, places learners in a space (both physically and educationally) located beyond care and inclusion. Storytelling is mobilised as a central method in CRT for challenging and exposing exclusionary practices, as it foregrounds the knowledge and lived experience of people of colour and we explore the processes of constructing such counter-stories. As an encouragement to reflection and critical conversation about unlawful exclusion and racial disparities, this paper was written with three goals in mind. The first is that it may inspire educators of colour to tell counter-stories that name their own reality and experiences of exclusion. Second, that in reading and responding to counter-stories, white educators will be encouraged to develop their own racial literacy. Finally, the third goal is that the call to action is answered from within and beyond the confines of academia, where inclusion and racial justice in education can no longer be left to wait

The economics of a "mixed blessing" effect: A case study of the Black Sea

Nutrient enrichment of marine ecosystems is regarded as a pressing global environmental problem. For certain marine species it may be a mixed blessing, resulting in damaging ecosystem events, but contributing to primary productivity. Consequently, the impact of enrichment on fishery profits may be positive or negative. This paper develops a method for analyzing such problems, using the example of the Black Sea anchovy fishery. Employing a bioeconomic model that incorporates nutrients directly into fish population dynamics, the problem is formulated in deterministic and stochastic terms. The deterministic model assumes a given ecological state in which nutrients contribute positively to pelagic fish production. The stochastic model recognizes that the planner may take into account the probability of potentially damaging shifts in ecological states due to nutrient enrichment. In this latter model, nutrient abatement has an indeterminate welfare effect, but under certain conditions a marginal change in nutrients generates positive aggregate benefits

Rocks and Hard Places: Exploring Educational Psychologists’ Perspectives on “Off-Rolling” or Illegal Exclusionary Practices in Mainstream Secondary Schools in England

Research being undertaken by the Universities of Exeter and Plymouth is exploring educational psychologists’ knowledge of, and perspectives on, exclusionary practices in schools in England, particularly illegal practices referred to as “off-rolling”. Preliminary findings from the survey element of a mixed methods research project are reported here. The role of business models in the provision of educational psychology services to schools is considered through the conceptual lens of Giroux, Agamben and Ball to highlight ambiguities around the client relationship and to recast individualised ethical dilemmas as systemic features that inhibit direct challenges to school practices relating to inclusion. It is suggested that traded and privatised services risk implicating educational psychologists in schools’ management of the (in)visibility of “off-rolling” and the manufactured legitimacy of varied exclusionary practices

The effects of pollution on open access fisheries: A case study of the Black Sea

There is now increasing recognition that the world's marine ecosystems, especially coastal areas and semi-enclosed seas, are suffering from degradation and modification due to human influences. One of the most serious problems is nutrient enrichment, which in the long term harms productivity and damages the ecosystem. Concurrent with this degradation is a rising awareness of the role of overfishing in the demise of global marine fish stocks, especially where property rights are poorly defined and open access prevails in the fishery. In some regions, such as the Black Sea, the two actions together have led to collapses in fish stocks. However, there has been little investigation of the linkage between the two problems to date. In this paper, we assess the non-efficiency benefits of improving environmental quality in the presence of such linkages, recognising that efficiency benefits may not be significant under the circumstances describing many open access fisheries. We use a dynamic bioeconomic modelling approach which incorporates habitat quality explicitly, first theoretically analysing the comparative static effects of an exogenous reduction in nutrient inputs and then empirically demonstrating the approach using a case study of Black Sea anchovy. The methodology, which may have a wider application to fisheries-pollution problems, allows us to show that pollution abatement significantly raises harvest, employment and revenues at the long run equilibrium of the system. Ultimately, for substantial efficiency benefits to arise from addressing the nutrient enrichment problem requires that the open access problem be addressed as well

Long-term weight maintenance and cardiovascular risk factors are not different following weight loss on carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein in obese hyperinsulinaemic men and women

The aim of this study was to determine after 52 weeks whether advice to follow a lower carbohydrate diet, either high in monounsaturated fat or low fat, high in protein had differential effects in a free-living community setting. Following weight loss on either a high monounsaturated fat, standard protein (HMF; 50 % fat, 20 % protein (67 g/d), 30 % carbohydrate) or a high protein, moderate fat (HP) (40 % protein (136 g/d), 30 % fat, 30 % carbohydrate) energy-restricted diet (6000 kJ/d) subjects were asked to maintain the same dietary pattern without intensive dietary counselling for the following 36 weeks. Overall weight loss was 6·2 (sd 7·3) kg (P < 0·01 for time with no diet effect, 7·6 (sd 8·1) kg, HMF v. 4·8 (sd 6·6) kg, HP). In a multivariate regression model predictors of weight loss at the end of the study were sex, age and reported percentage energy from protein (R2 0·22, P < 0·05 for the whole model). Fasting plasma insulin decreased (P < 0·01, with no difference between diets), 13·9 (sd 4·6) to 10·2 (sd 5·2) mIU/l, but fasting plasma glucose was not reduced. Neither total cholesterol nor LDL-cholesterol were different but HDL was higher, 1·19 (sd 0·26) v. 1·04 (sd 0·29) (P < 0·001 for time, no diet effect), while TAG was lower, 1·87 (sd 1·23) v. 2·22 (sd 1·15) mmol/l (P < 0·05 for time, no diet effect). C-reactive protein decreased (3·97 (sd 2·84) to 2·43 (sd 2·29) mg/l, P < 0·01). Food records showed that compliance to the prescribed dietary patterns was poor. After 1 year there remained a clinically significant weight loss and improvement in cardiovascular risk factors with no adverse effects of a high monounsaturated fat diet.Jennifer B. Keogh, Natalie D. Luscombe-Marsh, Manny Noakes, Gary A. Wittert and Peter M. Clifto

Implications of localism in educational policy on the aspirations of young people in Cornwall

The physical location of Cornwall, England impacts upon its social and economic development and is evident in the aspirations ascribed to and held by young people within the region. Schools have been set the task of raising aspirations, as low expectations are perceived to be a barrier to high attainment in schooling. We draw upon research in two Cornish secondary schools that attempted to raise aspirations through school change and by entering into the Academy schools programme. What we found was that their location was generally perceived as a disadvantage to aspiration. We suggest that within the current climate of localisation in educational policy it will be difficult for individual schools to scrutinise themselves and their practices. It will be difficult to ensure that they do not perpetuate poor social outcomes through entrenched beliefs about a link between physical isolation and social disadvantage

To what extent can the experience of outdoor learning contexts prevent permanent school exclusion for older learners? A visual analysis

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from IATED via the DOI in this record.We report on a one-year project that focused on outdoor learning experiences for learners 12 - 14 years of age in a woodland environment in the UK. We wanted to investigate the ways in which experience in the outdoor environment could potentially mitigate school factors such as practitioner values and attitudes, learner motivation and engagement [1] that contribute to the processes of permanent school exclusion and therefore examine the claim that outdoor learning could provide an ‘alternative’ to using exclusion as a disciplinary sanction [2]. Permanent school exclusion has been rising in the UK since 2014 and the number of permanent exclusions in England in 2016 rose from 6,685 to 7,720 pupils in 2017 [3] and it is particularly prevalent in the age group involved in this project. While some argue that outdoor learning is often evangelised as a panacea for the shortcomings of school environments, particularly for very young learners [4], we draw on the work presented in [5] to make a case for the ways in which outdoor experiences can contribute to the learning needs of older learners at risk of permanent exclusion. We analysed a sample of 102 photographs taken by the project team during the practical sessions in the woodland. We devised a set of categories for coding the images based on our theoretical and pedagogical concerns, and from our reading of empirical literature. Two members of the project team tried out our initial coding categories with the sample in order to check for exhaustiveness and exclusivity, and to try and avoid overlap of codes [6]. Photographs were then coded independently by the four members of the project team using the agreed coding framework. We ask critical questions about the ways in which space, risk, resources, outdoor pedagogies and adult identities can be mobilised to support the learning needs of young people who find school a difficult place to be. In this presentation we will use a selection of photographs to demonstrate that our approach to Visual Content Analysis, drawing on [6] in using a methodologically explicit approach to analysing visual evidence, can produce results that are valid and theoretically ‘interesting’. We interpret the implications of our analysis for educational professionals who want to learn more about preventing permanent exclusion