THE VALVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN AND SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

Amaç: Vena jugularis interna ve vena subclavia, baş-boyun ve üst ekstremitelerden venöz kanın kalbe dönüşünü sağlayan major vasküler yapılardır. Genellikle kardiyak venöz kateterizasyon uygulamalarında kullanılırlar. Bu venlerin vena brachiocephalica ile birleşme yerlerinin yakınlarında kapakları bulunmaktadır. Venöz kanın perifere geri dönüşüne engel olan bu kapakların yapılacak cerrahi girişimlerde hasarlanma riskinin azaltılmasına katkıda bulunabilmek amacıyla, her iki vene ait kapakların topografik ve morfometrik özelliklerini araştırmayı planladık. Gereç ve yöntem: Bu çalışmada formalinle fikse edilmiş, belirgin vasküler patolojisi bulunmayan 8 adet erişkin erkek kadavrasında boyun disseksiyonları yapılarak vena jugularis interna ve vena subclavia'lar tamamıyla görünür hale getirildi. Damar lümenleri longitudinal olarak açıldı. Kapaklar, morfolojik ve morfometrik olarak değerlendirildi; angulus venosus, 1.kosta, articulatio sternoclavicularis ve incisura jugularis gibi referans yapılara uzaklıkları ölçülerek yerleşimleri tanımlandı. Bulgular: Vena jugularis interna'ya ait kapaklarin %75'i bicuspit, %18,75'inin unicuspit iken olguların %6,25'inde kapak bulunmadığı, vena subclavia'ya ait kapakların %93,7 bicuspit, %6,2 tricuspit olduğu görüldü. Kapak derinliği vena subclavia'larda ortalama 8,9 mm (4,4-17,8 mm), vena jugularis interna'larda ortalama 6,7 mm (3,0-12,5 mm); kapağın articulatio sternoclavicularis'in alt köşesine uzaklığı, vena subclavia için ortalama 43,3 mm (20,6-54,3 mm), vena jugularis interna için ortalama 36,6 mm (28,9 mm-55,5 mm); kapağın incisura jugularis'in orta noktasına uzaklığı, vena subclavia için ortalama 73,0 mm (62,3-82,0 mm), vena jugularis interna için ortalama 51,1 mm (40,8-59,8 mm) olarak ölçüldü. Sonuç: Venöz kateterizasyonda vena jugularis interna ve vena subclavia'ya yapılacak diğer girişimlerde ven kapaklarının yaralanma riskinin en aza indirilmesi, kapakların yerleşim ve anatomik özelliklerinin bilinmesi ile mümkün olacaktır. Objective: Intenal jugular vein and subclavian vein are the major vessels, returning the venous blood to heart from head-neck and upper extremities. Generally, they are used in cardiac venous catheterization procedures. The valves of these veins are close to the brachiocephalic vein comissure. To decrease injury risk of the valves during the surgery, that was performed to prevent the returning of venous blood to periphery, we aimed to investigate the topographic and morphometric features of valves of the both veins. Material and method: The internal jugular vein and subclavian vein were examined in eigth formalin fixed adult cadavers without significant vascular pathology for these study. Vascular lumens were dissected longitudinally. Valves were evaluated morphologically and morphometrically; their locations were defined according to their distance with reference structures such as angulus venosus, first rib, sternoclavicular joint and jugular notch. Results: The valve type of the internal jugular vein was bicuspid in 75% of the specimens, unicuspid in 18.75%, without valve in 6.25% and in subclavian vein were found bicuspid 93.7%, tricuspid 6.2% in the specimens . The mean (average) of valve depth was 8.9 mm (4.4 mm to 17.8 mm) in subclavian vein and 6.7 mm(3.0 mm to 12.5 mm) in internal jugular vein the distance between the valve and inferior corner of the sternoclavicular joint was 43.3 mm (20.6 mm to 54.3 mm) for subclavian vein, 39.6 mm (28.9 mm to 55.5 mm) for internal jugular vein and the distance between the valve and midpoint of jugular notch was 73.0 mm ( 62.3 mm to 82.0 mm) for subclavian vein and 51.1 mm ( 40.8 mm to 59.8 mm) for internal jugular vein. Conclusion: Knowledge of the location and anatomic features of the valves, will minimize the risk of vein valve injury during the venous catheterization and other internal jugular vein and subclavian vein procedures

The effects of bee venom on behavior and the role of leptin in rats

The aim of this study is to evaluate the dose-dependent effect of bee venom (BV) on behavioral functions in rats and the physiologicarole of leptin in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala tissues. Adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were used in the experiments. The rats were divided into three groups of control, 0.1 mg/kg BV, and 0.5 mg/kg BV. The rats were injected with BV subcutaneously for 15 consecutive days. The open field test (OFT), the elevated plus maze test (EPM), and the forced swimming test (FST) were performed as behavioral assessments. Animals were sacrificed, and brain regions were removed. Leptin levels were measured in various brain regions by ELISA. In the OFT, the total distance and speed for the 0.1 mg/kg BV group increased compared to controls and the 0.5 mg/kg BV group. In the EPM, the 0.1 mg/kg BV group remained in the open arm for a significantly longer period of time compared to the other groups. In the FST, the 0.5 mg/kg BV group was more mobile than the other groups. Leptin levels in the prefrontal cortex were significantly higher in the 0.1 mg/kg BV group compared to the control and 0.5 mg/kg groups. There were no significant differences between groups in hippocampus and amygdala leptin levels. The results of the study show that BV has a positive effect on behavioral parameters. BV may have a positive effect on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors by increasing leptin levels in the prefrontal cortex

EL SIRTI VE ÖN KOLUN DUYUSAL İNNERVASYONUNDA FARKLI BİR ÖRNEK

Bir erkek kadavranın sağ ön kolunun 1/3 distalinde nevrus cutaneus antebachim lateralis (NCAL

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COLD STRESS AND BEE VENOM IN METABOLIC DISORDER DUE TO HIGH FAT DIET IN RATS

Aim: Metabolic disorders appear as risk factors for many diseases. One of the biggest causes of metabolic disorders is a high-fat diet. Increased dietary lipid with a high-fat diet increases lipogenesis and ectopic lipid accumulation, and therefore, increased peripheral insulin resistance leads to inflammatory response, chronic oxidative stress, and progressive organ damage. Exposure to cold induces adaptation to cold and provides adaptation with physiological changes. Bee venom treatment is performed with various methods such as apipuncture and direct injection of bee venom. In our study, the effects of bee venom and cold exposure on blood lipid levels in high-fat fed rats and whether they have synergistic effects were investigated.Methods: 3-week-old Spraque-Dawley male rats (30-40 g) were divided into 7 groups: control, cold stress (CS), high-fat diet (HFD), 0.5 mg/kg bee venom (BV), HFD+CS, HFD+ BV, HFD+CS+ BV. Rats were fed with high fat diet for 8 weeks. For the last 21 days, rats were exposed to cold for 2 hours a day and bee venom was injected subcutaneously for the last 15 days. Animals were sacrificed on the last day and fasting blood glucose was measured. Serum was then obtained, followed by lipid profile measurements. All data were presented as mean±standard error of the mean (SEM). Differences between the groups were assessed with One-way ANOVA Post hoc LSD test p&lt;0.05 was considered significant.Results: Triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the HFD+ BV group compared to HFD group(p=0.024). HDL was significantly higher in HFD+BV(p&lt;0.001) and HFD+BV+CS(p&lt;0.001) compared to other groups. Fasting plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in HFD+BV(p=0.001) and HFD+BV+CS(p=0.007) compared to other groups.Conclusions: It has been shown in our study that exposure to cold and bee venom have a synergistic effect on blood lipid levels and fasting blood sugar disorders in a high-fat diet, and bee venom has a regulatory effect on triglyceride.</p

The effects of Spirulina platensis on behavior in adolescent rats fed a high-fat diet

In recent years, childhood overweight and obesity have become a universal public health problem. Obesity may lead to cognitive disorders, depression and anxiety by affecting neuronal processes. Spirulina platensis (SP), a species of microalgae from the Chlorophyceae green algae class, has neuroprotective effects and may reduce body weight. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of SP on behavior alongside the role of leptin and Sirtuin-1 in fed with high-fat diet (HFD) adolescent rats. Four-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into four groups: control, HFD, HFD + SP150 (150 mg/kg/day SP, orally), HFD + SP450 (450 mg/kg/day SP, orally). Rats except for the control group exposed to 60% HFD along 12 weeks. Last 6 weeks SP or vehicle administered. After the behavioral tests, leptin and Sirtuin-1 levels in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus regions were evaluated. SP150 significantly reduced body weight compared with HFD group. The time spent in the center of open field increased significantly in SP150-treated rats compared with HFD. SP150 and SP450 significantly decreased immobility time in forced swim test compared with HFD. Leptin levels in HFD group were significantly lower in prefrontal cortex compared to control group. Leptin levels of the HFD + SP450 group were significantly higher than HFD group in the hippocampus. There was no significant difference between groups in Sirtuin-1 levels. In conclusion, SP supplementation in adolescence period might positively affect chronic high fat-induced anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior by partially affecting brain leptin levels and without affecting Sirtuin-1 levels