A SHORT REVIEW ON POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is said to be the commonest endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age with a heterogeneous presentation, which includes hyperandrogenism and ovulatory dysfunction. Polycystic ovary syndrome usually has a peri-pubertal onset;the present review discuss about the causes,complications,risck factors,dianosis and treatment.Key words:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),Hyperandrogenism,Treatmen

Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study

18% of the world's population lives in India, and many states of India have populations similar to those of large countries. Action to effectively improve population health in India requires availability of reliable and comprehensive state-level estimates of disease burden and risk factors over time. Such comprehensive estimates have not been available so far for all major diseases and risk factors. Thus, we aimed to estimate the disease burden and risk factors in every state of India as part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016

Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Respiratory muscle dysfunction is a cardinal feature in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) contributing to decreased exercise capacity and pulmonary function test (PFT) limitation with progression of the disease. Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) are reliable parameters for assessing the respiratory muscle strength. Aims: This study aims to measure maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures in male COPD patients, to determine their correlates, and to study the relationship between the severity of COPD and respiratory muscle strength. Patients and Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study. A total of 100 males, who were known COPD patients and who were clinically stable, were recruited. Both inpatients and outpatients were studied. Spirometric PFT test was done, and MIP and MEP were measured using respiratory pressure meter. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation were used. Results: The mean (± standard deviation) MIP and MEP were 47.73 (±19.6) cm H2O and 60.76 (±11.6) cm H2O, respectively. MIP and MEP showed a highly significant correlation (P < 0.001) with forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity. The correlation of MIP and MEP with FEV1shows a positive linear trend, and the MEP values were higher than MIP values. There was a decrease in MIP and MEP with increasing severity of COPD. Conclusion: MIP decreases with progression of the disease, and thus, inspiratory muscle training should be included in a pulmonary rehabilitation program

Childhood cognitive ability: relationship to gestational diabetes mellitus in India

Aims/hypothesis: Our aim was to test the hypothesis that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in mothers is associated with poorer cognitive ability in their offspring in India. Methods: During 1997 to 1998 maternal GDM status was assessed by OGTT at 30?±?2 weeks of gestation. Between 2007 and 2008, at a mean age of 9.7 years, 515 children (32 offspring of GDM mothers [ODM]; 483 offspring of non-GDM mothers [controls]) from the Mysore Parthenon birth cohort underwent cognitive function assessment using tests from the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children—Second Edition and additional tests measuring learning, long-term storage/retrieval, short-term memory, reasoning, attention and concentration, and visuo-spatial and verbal abilities. Results: Compared with controls, ODM scored higher in tests for learning, long-term retrieval/storage (p?=?0.008), reasoning (p?=?0.02), verbal ability (p?=?0.01), and attention and concentration (p?=?0.003). In multiple regression, adjusted for the child’s age, sex, gestation, neonatal weight and head circumference, maternal age, parity and BMI, and the parent’s socioeconomic status, education and rural/urban residence, this difference remained significant only for learning, long-term retrieval/storage (??=?0.4 SD (95% CI 0.01–0.75); p?=?0.04) and verbal ability (??=?0.5 SD (95% CI 0.09–0.83); p?=?0.02), and not with other test scores. Conclusions/interpretation: In this population of healthy Indian children, there was no evidence of lower cognitive ability in ODM. In fact some cognitive scores were higher in ODM. <br/

Functionalized <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Gum as pH-Responsive Nanogel for Doxorubicin Delivery: Synthesis, Kinetic Modelling and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Study

Environment-responsive-cum-site-specific delivery of therapeutic drugs into tumor cells is a foremost challenge for chemotherapy. In the present work, Moringa oleifera gum–based pH-responsive nanogel (MOGN) was functionalized as a doxorubicin (DOX) carrier. It was synthesized via free radical polymerization through the γ-irradiation method using acrylamide and N,N’-MBA followed by hydrolysis, sonication, and ultracentrifugation. The swelling behavior of MOGN as a function of pH was assessed using a gravimetric method that revealed its superabsorbent nature (365.0 g/g). Furthermore, MOGN showed a very high loading efficiency (98.35 %L) of DOX by MOGN. In vitro release studies revealed that DOX release from DOX-loaded MOGN was 91.92% at pH 5.5 and 12.18% at 7.4 pH, thus favorable to the tumor environment. The drug release from nanogel followed Korsmeyer–Peppas model at pH 5.5 and 6.8 and the Higuchi model at pH 7.4. Later, the efficient DOX release at the tumor site was also investigated by cytotoxicity study using Rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Thus, the synthesized nanogel having high drug loading capacity and excellent pH-triggered disintegration and DOX release performance in a simulated tumor environment could be a promising candidate drug delivery system for the targeted and controlled release of anticancer drugs

Birth size and physical activity in a cohort of Indian children aged 6-10 years

There is evidence of a reduction in children’s physical activity in India in the last decade. Our objective was to assess whether size and body composition at birth are associated with physical activity in school-aged children. Children from a prospective observational cohort study born in Mysore, South India between 1997 and 1998 (n5663) had neonatal anthropometric measurements made within 72 h of delivery [weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), chest, abdomen and head circumference, crown–heel, crown–buttock and leg length, triceps and subscapular skinfolds]. At 6–10 years, children (n5449) were asked to wear AM7164 or GT1M Actigraph accelerometers for 7 days. Body composition was measured within 6 months of activity monitoring. Arm muscle area at birth and time of activity monitoring was calculated from MUAC and skinfold measurements. Activity outcome measures were: mean accelerometer counts per minute (cpm); counts per day and proportion of time spent in moderate and vigorous activity. The mean (S.D.) number of days with &gt;500 min of recorded accelerometer data was 7.0 (1.1). Linear regression models showed no significant associations between any of the neonatal anthropometric measures and the activity variables. Body fat percentage at 7.5 years was negatively associated with all activity variables (B524.69, CI: 27.31, 22.07 for mean cpm). In conclusion, this study showed no associations between body size and skinfold thickness at birth and objectively measured physical activityin childhood

Size at birth, lifecourse factors and cognitive function in late life: Findings from the MYsore study of Natal effects on Ageing and Health (MYNAH) cohort in South India

Objective: to examine if smaller size at birth, an indicator of growth restriction in utero, is associated with lower cognition in late life, and whether this may be mediated by impaired early life brain development and/or adverse cardiometabolic programming. Design: longitudinal follow-up of a birth cohort.Setting: CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital (HMH), Mysore South India.Participants: 721 men and women (55-80 yrs) whose size at birth was recorded at HMH. Approximately 20 years earlier, a subset (n=522) of them had assessments for cardiometabolic disorders in mid-life. Measurments: standardised measurement of cognitive function, depression, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors; blood tests and assessments for cardiometabolic disordersResults: participants who were heavier at birth had higher composite cognitive scores [0.12 SD per SD birth weight (95% CI 0.05, 0.19) p=0.001] in late life. Other lifecourse factors independently positively related to cognition were maternal educational level and participants’ own educational level, adult leg length, body mass index and socioeconomic position; and negatively were diabetes in midlife and, current depression and stroke. The association of birth weight with cognition was independent cardiometabolic risk factors and was attenuated after adjustment for all lifecourse factors [0.08 SD per SD birth weight (95% CI -0.01, 0.18) p=0.07)].Conclusions: the findings are consistent with positive effects of early life envirorenmental factors (better fetal growth, education and childhood socio-economic status) on brain development resulting in greater long-term cognitive function. The results do not support a pathway linking poorer fetal development with reduced late-life cognitive function through cardiometabolic programming.<br/