35 research outputs found
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌ
ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Poor accuracy of freehand cup positioning during total hip arthroplasty
Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between the acetabular cup position and the risk of dislocation, wear and range of motion after total hip arthroplasty. The present study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of the surgeonβs estimated position of the cup after freehand placement in total hip replacement. Peroperative estimated abduction and anteversion of 200 acetabular components (placed by three orthopaedic surgeons and nine residents) were compared with measured outcomes (according to Pradhan) on postoperative radiographs. Cups were placed in 49.7Β° (SD 6.7) of abduction and 16.0Β° (SD 8.1) of anteversion. Estimation of placement was 46.3Β° (SD 4.3) of abduction and 14.6Β° (SD 5.9) of anteversion. Of more interest is the fact that for the orthopaedic surgeons the mean inaccuracy of estimation was 4.1Β° (SD 3.9) for abduction and 5.2Β° (SD 4.5) for anteversion and for their residents this was respectively, 6.3Β° (SD 4.6) and 5.7Β° (SD 5.0). Significant differences were found between orthopaedic surgeons and residents for inaccuracy of estimation for abduction, not for anteversion. Body mass index, sex, (un)cemented fixation and surgical approach (anterolateral or posterolateral) were not significant factors. Based upon the inaccuracy of estimation, the groupβs chance on future cup placement within Lewinnekβs safe zone (5β25Β° anteversion and 30β50Β° abduction) is 82.7 and 85.2% for anteversion and abduction separately. When both parameters are combined, the chance of accurate placement is only 70.5%. The chance of placement of the acetabular component within 5Β° of an intended position, for both abduction and anteversion is 21.5% this percentage decreases to just 2.9% when the tolerated error is 1Β°. There is a tendency to underestimate both abduction and anteversion. Orthopaedic surgeons are superior to their residents in estimating abduction of the acetabular component. The results of this study indicate that freehand placement of the acetabular component is not a reliable method
Neural Action Fields for Optic Flow Based Navigation: A Simulation Study of the Fly Lobula Plate Network
Optic flow based navigation is a fundamental way of visual course control described in many different species including man. In the fly, an essential part of optic flow analysis is performed in the lobula plate, a retinotopic map of motion in the environment. There, the so-called lobula plate tangential cells possess large receptive fields with different preferred directions in different parts of the visual field. Previous studies demonstrated an extensive connectivity between different tangential cells, providing, in principle, the structural basis for their large and complex receptive fields. We present a network simulation of the tangential cells, comprising most of the neurons studied so far (22 on each hemisphere) with all the known connectivity between them. On their dendrite, model neurons receive input from a retinotopic array of Reichardt-type motion detectors. Model neurons exhibit receptive fields much like their natural counterparts, demonstrating that the connectivity between the lobula plate tangential cells indeed can account for their complex receptive field structure. We describe the tuning of a model neuron to particular types of ego-motion (rotation as well as translation around/along a given body axis) by its βaction fieldβ. As we show for model neurons of the vertical system (VS-cells), each of them displays a different type of action field, i.e., responds maximally when the fly is rotating around a particular body axis. However, the tuning width of the rotational action fields is relatively broad, comparable to the one with dendritic input only. The additional intra-lobula-plate connectivity mainly reduces their translational action field amplitude, i.e., their sensitivity to translational movements along any body axis of the fly
Targeting RNS/caveolin-1/MMP signaling cascades to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries: potential application for drug discovery
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play important roles in mediating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. RNS activate multiple signaling pathways and participate in different cellular events in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recent studies have indicated that caveolin-1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) are important signaling molecules in the pathological process of ischemic brain injury. During cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-), two representative RNS, down-regulates the expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and, in turn, further activates nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to promote RNS generation. The increased RNS further induce MMP activation and mediate disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), aggravating the brain damage in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, the feedback interaction among RNS/Cav-1/MMPs provides an amplified mechanism for aggravating ischemic brain damage during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy for protecting against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this mini-review article, we highlight the important role of the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling cascades in ischemic stroke injury and review the current progress of studies seeking therapeutic compounds targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling cascades to attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several representative natural compounds, including calycosin-7-O-Ξ²-D-glucoside, baicalin, Momordica charantia polysaccharide (MCP), chlorogenic acid, lutein and lycopene, have shown potential for targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling pathway to protect the brain in ischemic stroke. Therefore, the RNS/Cav-1/MMP pathway is an important therapeutic target in ischemic stroke treatment.published_or_final_versio
Sustainability labelling as a tool for reporting the sustainable development impacts of climate actions relevant to Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
Foreign direct investment and the volume of trade: the case of Poland
Bilateral trade, Gravity equation, Foreign direct investment, Poland, F10, F11, F14,
Remittances for Adaptation: An βAlternative Sourceβ of International Climate Finance?
Climate finance is a key issue at the UN climate negotiations, but explicit international funding possibilities for adaptation in developing countries remain limited. According to the recent Paris Agreement, climate finance will come from a βwide variety of sources, instruments and channelsβ. To the extent that these are understood, they do not seem to generate the USD 100 billion per annum that was repeatedly pledged by developed countries, and they flow to mitigation rather than adaptation. Remittances have potential to finance adaptation, because (1) the potential is huge and unexplored); (2) remittances directly reach to households, including in remote and vulnerable areas; (3) remittances are often employed for (climate-induced) disaster relief and sometimes also for investments in long-term adaptation strategies. Whilst not ignoring ethical arguments against poor migrantsβ remittances as an alternative source of adaptation finance for developing countries under the UN climate negotiations, this chapter examines whether remittances could technically constitute such a source. It analyses empirical evidence from remittance literature against ten climate finance criteria from the UNFCCC Copenhagen Accord. Our analysis finds that remittances could match criteria such as βadequacyβ and βpredictabilityβ. However, βimproved accessβ can only be matched if developed and developing countries create the right incentives to reach out to potential diaspora investors. βTransparencyβ is unlikely to be met. Whether remittances contribute to the USD 100 billion climate finance pledge is a controversial political decision, but in any case remittances can support adaptation at household and community level. Public climate finance could increase the potential of remittance for such purposes