Timurid Tile Style in Anatolia and Footprints of Masters of Tabriz

Due to the political situation after the Ankara Battle, impact of Timurid style appears in Ottoman art lasting about a century. After reorganizing process from the concussion of defeat in Ankara, Ottomans import the artistic style of Timurids, which is their new politic model and rival, with a traumatic apprehension. The signs of this import style can be seen in several structures in Ottoman state and several principalities around. A survey of these structures gives information on the journey of the first group of artists that came from the Timurid state to Anatolia. The first, who came to Anatolia, were a group of Tabrizian artists, with NakkaĢ Ali, who was taken away from Bursa to Semerkand and set free to return after the death of Timur. Masters of Tabriz, who were thought to work in Timurid structures in Samarkand , undertook the tile decoration of YeĢil Complex (1419- 1424), which was the first significant architectural activity after the Ankara Battle. Masters of Tabriz implemented the cuerda seca technique and some other Timurid tile tradition, as an innovation for Anatolia in YeĢil Complex. Just after completing their work in YeĢil Complex, they continued to work in Muradiye Complex (1424-1426). Then, they moved to Edirne with the order of sultan, to decorate Muradiye Mevlevihanesi (1427). After Edirne, they appear in Kütahya, capital of the Germiyanoğlu Principality, decorating the tomb of Yakup Beg II (1429), who had political and relative connections with the Ottoman dynasty. Tomb of Yakup Beg II had been the last work of Masters of Tabriz in Bursa-Edirne-Kütahya triangle. Probably, they left this region to return their homeland, Tabriz, afterwards. However, the cuerda seca tiles in Ġbrahim Beg II Ġmaret in Karaman (1432) suggests that, Masters of Tabriz should work there as well. The journey of a fifteenth century artist group will be traced with historical and architectural references based on a chronologic survey on the tiles of the buildings

Design gyration number determination of 100 mm-diameter asphalt mixtures

At present, there is no accepted standard by highway authorities on the compaction procedures of 100 mm-diameter gyratory compactor specimens. In previous studies on gyratory compaction, the method of either coring from 150 mm specimens, or preparing taller specimens than the usual 63.5 mm-long Marshall specimens, has been undertaken. However, the utilisation of 150 mm-moulds produces a significant amount of mechanical disturbance during the coring process of 100 mm-diameter specimens. The note-worthy aspect of this study is that a new standard for preparing gyratory compactor specimens with a diameter of 100 mm and a length of approximately 63.5 mm has been proposed for the first time. In this study, the design gyration number of the asphalt mixture was obtained by carrying out extensive laboratory testing on the specimens prepared, and by changing various testing parameters including the gyration number, angle of gyration, specimen height, and ram pressure. First, tests using 600 kPa ram pressure and a 1.25° gyration angle with varying gyration numbers were carried out. Then, the gyration angle was changed from 1.25° to 1.85° by 0.05° increments. Following that, a completely different pattern of loading level using 240 kPa with a 2° gyration angle was investigated. And finally, changing the gyration angle from 1.60° to 2.40° by 0.20° increments was carried out to provide a wider scope of investigation. As a result, the design gyration number for 100 mm-diameter asphalt mixtures was determined as 40 under medium traffic conditions.No sponso

Dynamic phase transition properties for the mixed spin-(1/2, 1) Ising model in an oscillating magnetic field

We study the dynamic phase transition properties for the mixed spin-(1/2, 1) Ising model on a square lattice under a time-dependent magnetic field by means the effective-field theory (EFT) based on the Glauber dynamics. We present the dynamic phase diagrams in the reduced magnetic field amplitude and reduced temperature plane and find that the phase diagrams exhibit the dynamic tricitical behavior, the multicritical and zero-temperature critical points as well as reentrant behavior. We also investigate the influence of the frequency (w) and observe that for small values of w the mixed phase disappears, but high values it appears and the system displays reentrant behavior as well as critical end point

Number of design gyrations for 100 mm compacted asphalt mixtures modified with polypropylene

There is no standard accepted by highway authorities on the compaction procedures of 100 mm diameter gyratory compactor specimens. In previous studies on gyratory compaction, the utilisation of either coring from 150 mm specimens or preparing taller specimens than the usual 63.5 mm long Marshall specimens has been undertaken. The utilisation of 150 mm mould sizes introduces an important amount of mechanical disturbance during the coring process of 100 mm diameter specimens out of them. The novelty of the present study is that a new standard for preparing gyratory compactor specimens with a diameter of 100 mm and length of approximately 63.5 mm by utilising polypropylene fibers of 3 mm multifilament for the modification has been proposed for the first time. To achieve optimal conditions, in addition to gyratory compaction, modified bitumen samples’ physical properties, especially rotational viscosities, were also investigated in a detailed manner. Physical and mechanical tests have been carried out using the specimens prepared by changing the main testing parameter of gyration number from 30 to 70. The design gyration number of 100 mm polypropylene fiber reinforced dense bituminous mixtures has been determined as 33 under medium traffic conditions.No sponso

Cosmographic nature of the early universe from extra dimensional perspective

In this study, making use of the f(R) theory of gravity in a D-dimensional Kaluza-Klein type framework, we discuss whether we need to assume additional dimensions in order to explain two stages (inflation and deceleration phases) of the universe. To reach this goal, we start with a higher dimensional form of the Friedmann equation written in the f(R) gravity. For the inflation era occurring after a beginning vacuum phase of the universe, we conclude that a 10-dimensional spacetime model is needed as predicted in the string theory. However, after using a fixed field condition, it is observed that additional dimensions are compactified on the standard four spacetime dimensions in the deceleration phase. Moreover, the additional dimensions may be responsible for the dynamics of the dark energy dominated era, that's why we can state that the source of dark energy may be the extra dimensions. (c) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V

Topology of the correlation networks among major currencies using hierarchical structure methods

We studied the topology of correlation networks among 34 major currencies using the concept of a minimal spanning tree and hierarchical tree for the full years of 2007-2008 when major economic turbulence occurred. We used the USD (US Dollar) and the TL (Turkish Lira) as numeraires in which the USD was the major currency and the TL was the minor currency. We derived a hierarchical organization and constructed minimal spanning trees (MSTs) and hierarchical trees (HTs) for the full years of 2007, 2008 and for the 2007-2008 periods. We performed a technique to associate a value of reliability to the links of MSTs and HTs by using bootstrap replicas of data. We also used the average linkage cluster analysis for obtaining the hierarchical trees in the case of the TL as the numeraire. These trees are useful tools for understanding and detecting the global structure, taxonomy and hierarchy in financial data. We illustrated how the minimal spanning trees and their related hierarchical trees developed over a period of time. From these trees we identified different clusters of currencies according to their proximity and economic ties. The clustered structure of the currencies and the key currency in each cluster were obtained and we found that the clusters matched nicely with the geographical regions of corresponding countries in the world such as Asia or Europe. As expected the key currencies were generally those showing major economic activity.Comment: 10 Pages,7 figures,1 tabl

TURHAL, YEŞİLYURT VE SULUSARAY İLÇELERİNDE HALK DiNDARLIGININ BİR BOYUTUNU OLUŞTURAN ZİYARET, İNANÇ VE UYGULAMALARI

İlk çağlardan beri Anadolu'nun en eski yerleşim yerlerinden biri olan Tokat, Türkler tarafından fethinden önce Hititler, Frigler, Persler, Romalılar ve Bizanslılar dönemlerinde değişik din ve kültürlerle tanışmış, 1071 Malazgirt Muharebesi'nden günümüze kadar geçen sürede Türk-İslam kültürünün damgasını vurduğu bir coğrafi saha olmuştur

TOKAT YÖRESiNDEKi SÜNNi VE ALEVi TOPLULUKLARlNDA HALK DiNDARLIGININ BiR BOYUTUNU OLUŞTURAN ZiYARET iNANÇ VE UYGULAMALARINDAKi BENZER VE FARKLILIKLAR

Anadolu'nun en eski kültür ve uygarlık merkezlerinden birisi olan Tokat'ın Türkleşmesi ve İslamlaşmasmda, hiç şüphesiz adına daha çok, Horasan Eren/eri, Gazi-Alperenler veya Veliler dediğimiz şahıslarm rolü oldukça büyüktür. Yöre halkı, bölgeyi Türkleştirip İslarrıJaştırırken, burada bulıman ve çoğunun adı bilinmeyen mezar ve türbelerin her birisini bu ısımsiz kalıramanlara atfetmek suretiyle onlara karşı vicdanİ soruınlululdannı yerine getirmekle kalmamış, bu yeni coğrafyadaki bir takını dağlar, ağaçlar, sular ve kayalan da -daha çok İslam öncesi inançlarmdan kalan ahşkanlıklanyla- kutsayarak bölgenin her kanşma kendi dini-kültürel damgalarını vurınuşlardır. Tokat yöresinde bu şekilde oluşmuş pek çok ziyaret yeri mevcuttur

Kinetics of a mixed spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 Ising ferrimagnetic model

We present a study, within a mean-field approach, of the kinetics of a mixed ferrimagnetic model on a square lattice in which two interpenetrating square sublattices have spins that can take two values, $\sigma=\pm1/2$, alternated with spins that can take the four values, $S=\pm3/2, \pm1/2$. We use the Glauber-type stochastic dynamics to describe the time evolution of the system with a crystal-field interaction in the presence of a time-dependent oscillating external magnetic field. The nature (continuous and discontinuous) of transition is characterized by studying the thermal behaviors of average order parameters in a period. The dynamic phase transition points are obtained and the phase diagrams are presented in the reduced magnetic field amplitude $(h)$ and reduced temperature $(T)$ plane, and in the reduced temperature and interaction parameter planes, namely in the $(h, T)$ and $(d, T)$ planes, $d$ is the reduced crystal-field interaction. The phase diagrams always exhibit a tricritical point in $(h, T)$ plane, but do not exhibit in the $(d, T)$ plane for low values of $h$. The dynamic multicritical point or dynamic critical end point exist in the $(d, T)$ plane for low values of $h$. Moreover, phase diagrams contain paramagnetic $(p)$, ferromagnetic $(f)$, ferrimagnetic $(i)$ phases, two coexistence or mixed phase regions, $(f+p)$ and $(i+p)$, that strongly depend on interaction parameters.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Material