The Analgesic Effect of Pineapple Fruit Juice on Mice

Background: Pain is a feeling stimulated by the nervous system which  can be suppressed by giving an analgesic agent. Some studies revealed that pineapples have an analgesic effect. This study aim was to determine analgesic effect of pineapple on mice.Methods: In this experimental study, the effect was examined by using a writhing method on the 28 male mice. Subjects were divided into 4 groups with 7 mice each. The control group received aquades and other groups received pineapple fruit juice with 20%, 40% and 80% concentration with the dosage of 10 mL/kg/body weight. After 30 minutes, 3% acetic acid was injected intraperitoneally to induce pain. Writhing responseswere observed every 5 minutes for 30 minutes.Results: The result for mean of total writhing reaction was  2.39±0.40, 1.92±0.40, 1.50±2.13, 1.66±0.11 respectively for group 1 to 4. These data indicated a significant decrease of total writhing response in mice with 20%, 40% and 80% concentration compared to control group (p=0.023;p=0.000 and p=0.000 respectively). Most optimal concentration was40% with the protective percentage equal to 71.8%.Conclusion: Pineapple fruit juice concentrations (20%, 40%, and 80%has an analgesic effect with the most optimal concentration of 40%.Keywords: analgesic, pain, pineapple fruit, writhing method Efek Analgesik Jus Buah Nanas Pada Mencit Latar Belakang: Nyeri adalah sensasi perangsangan sistem saraf yang dapat ditekan dengan pemberian zat analgetik. Penelitian sebelumnya menemukan bahwa nanas memiliki efek analgesik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek analgesik nanas pada mencit.Metode: Efek analgesik diperiksa dengan menggunakan metode “writhing“ pada 28 mencit jantan. Subyek penelitian dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok masing-masing 7 ekor. Kelompok kontrol menerima aquades dan kelompok lainnya menerima  jus buah nanas secara oral dengan konsentrasi  20%, 40% dan 80% dengan dosis 10 mL/kg/berat badan. Setelah 30 menit, asam asetat 3% disuntikkan intra peritoneal untuk menginduksi nyeri. Respons “writhing” diamati setiap 5 menit selama 30 menit.Hasil: Hasil rata-rata reaksi total ”writhing”adalah 2.39 ± 0.40, 1.92 ± 0.40, 1.50 ± 2.13, 1.66 ± 0.11 masing-masing untuk kelompok 1 sampai 4. Data ini menunjukkan penurunan yang signifikan dari jumlah respon ”writhing” pada tikus dengan 20%, 40 % dan konsentrasi 80% dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (p=0,023; p=0,000; dan p=0,000masing-masing). Konsentrasi optimal adalah 40% dengan persentase pelindung sebesar 71,8%.Simpulan: Konsentrasi  jus buah nanas (20%, 40% dan 80%) memiliki efek analgesik dengan konsentrasi paling optimal pada 40%.Kata Kunci: analgesik, nyeri, nanas, writhingDOI: 10.15850/amj.v1n2.35

The Analgesic Effect of Pineapple Fruit Juice on Mice

Background: Pain is a feeling stimulated by the nervous system which  can be suppressed by giving an analgesic agent. Some studies revealed that pineapples have an analgesic effect. This study aim was to determine analgesic effect of pineapple on mice.Methods: In this experimental study, the effect was examined by using a writhing method on the 28 male mice. Subjects were divided into 4 groups with 7 mice each. The control group received aquades and other groups received pineapple fruit juice with 20%, 40% and 80% concentration with the dosage of 10 mL/kg/body weight. After 30 minutes, 3% acetic acid was injected intraperitoneally to induce pain. Writhing responseswere observed every 5 minutes for 30 minutes.Results: The result for mean of total writhing reaction was  2.39±0.40, 1.92±0.40, 1.50±2.13, 1.66±0.11 respectively for group 1 to 4. These data indicated a significant decrease of total writhing response in mice with 20%, 40% and 80% concentration compared to control group (p=0.023;p=0.000 and p=0.000 respectively). Most optimal concentration was40% with the protective percentage equal to 71.8%.Conclusion: Pineapple fruit juice concentrations (20%, 40%, and 80%has an analgesic effect with the most optimal concentration of 40%.Keywords: analgesic, pain, pineapple fruit, writhing method Efek Analgesik Jus Buah Nanas Pada Mencit Latar Belakang: Nyeri adalah sensasi perangsangan sistem saraf yang dapat ditekan dengan pemberian zat analgetik. Penelitian sebelumnya menemukan bahwa nanas memiliki efek analgesik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek analgesik nanas pada mencit.Metode: Efek analgesik diperiksa dengan menggunakan metode “writhing“ pada 28 mencit jantan. Subyek penelitian dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok masing-masing 7 ekor. Kelompok kontrol menerima aquades dan kelompok lainnya menerima  jus buah nanas secara oral dengan konsentrasi  20%, 40% dan 80% dengan dosis 10 mL/kg/berat badan. Setelah 30 menit, asam asetat 3% disuntikkan intra peritoneal untuk menginduksi nyeri. Respons “writhing” diamati setiap 5 menit selama 30 menit.Hasil: Hasil rata-rata reaksi total ”writhing”adalah 2.39 ± 0.40, 1.92 ± 0.40, 1.50 ± 2.13, 1.66 ± 0.11 masing-masing untuk kelompok 1 sampai 4. Data ini menunjukkan penurunan yang signifikan dari jumlah respon ”writhing” pada tikus dengan 20%, 40 % dan konsentrasi 80% dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (p=0,023; p=0,000; dan p=0,000masing-masing). Konsentrasi optimal adalah 40% dengan persentase pelindung sebesar 71,8%.Simpulan: Konsentrasi  jus buah nanas (20%, 40% dan 80%) memiliki efek analgesik dengan konsentrasi paling optimal pada 40%.Kata Kunci: analgesik, nyeri, nanas, writhingDOI: 10.15850/amj.v1n2.35

Passerine Exposure to Primarily PCDFs and PCDDs in the River Floodplains Near Midland, Michigan, USA

House wren (Troglodytes aedon), tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), and eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) tissues collected in study areas (SAs) downstream of Midland, Michigan (USA) contained concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) greater than in upstream reference areas (RAs) in the region. The sum of concentrations of PCDD/DFs (ΣPCDD/DFs) in eggs of house wrens and eastern bluebirds from SAs were 4- to 22-fold greater compared to those from RAs, whereas concentrations in tree swallow eggs were similar among areas. Mean concentrations of ΣPCDD/DFs and sum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (ΣTEQsWHO-Avian), based on 1998 WHO avian toxic equivalency factors, in house wren and eastern bluebird eggs ranged from 860 (430) to 1500 (910) ng/kg wet weight (ww) and 470 (150) to 1100 (510) ng/kg ww, respectively, at the most contaminated study areas along the Tittabawassee River, whereas mean concentrations in tree swallow eggs ranged from 280 (100) to 760 (280) ng/kg ww among all locations. Concentrations of ΣPCDD/DFs in nestlings of all studied species at SAs were 3- to 50-fold greater compared to RAs. Mean house wren, tree swallow, and eastern bluebird nestling concentrations of ΣPCDD/DFs and ΣTEQsWHO-Avian ranged from 350 (140) to 610 (300) ng/kg ww, 360 (240) to 1100 (860) ng/kg ww, and 330 (100) to 1200 (690) ng/kg ww, respectively, at SAs along the Tittabawassee River. Concentrations of ΣTEQsWHO-Avian were positively correlated with ΣPCDD/DF concentrations in both eggs and nestlings of all species studied. Profiles of relative concentrations of individual congeners were dominated by furan congeners (69–84%), primarily 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran, for all species at SAs on the Tittabawassee and Saginaw rivers but were dominated by dioxin congeners at upstream RAs

Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3.5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.Peer reviewe

Adolescents of the U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: Sexual Orientation, Sexual Behavior, and Sexual Risk Exposure

This study assessed Kinsey self-ratings and lifetime sexual experiences of 17-year-olds whose lesbian mothers enrolled before these offspring were born in the longest-running, prospective study of same-sex parented families, with a 93% retention rate to date. Data for the current report were gathered through online questionnaires completed by 78 adolescent offspring (39 girls and 39 boys). The adolescents were asked if they had ever been abused and, if so, to specify by whom and the type of abuse (verbal, emotional, physical, or sexual). They were also asked to specify their sexual identity on the Kinsey scale, between exclusively heterosexual and exclusively homosexual. Lifetime sexual behavior was assessed through questions about heterosexual and same-sex contact, age of first sexual experience, contraception use, and pregnancy. The results revealed that there were no reports of physical or sexual victimization by a parent or other caregiver. Regarding sexual orientation, 18.9% of the adolescent girls and 2.7% of the adolescent boys self-rated in the bisexual spectrum, and 0% of girls and 5.4% of boys self-rated as predominantly-to-exclusively homosexual. When compared with age- and gender-matched adolescents of the National Survey of Family Growth, the study offspring were significantly older at the time of their first heterosexual contact, and the daughters of lesbian mothers were significantly more likely to have had same-sex contact. These findings suggest that adolescents reared in lesbian families are less likely than their peers to be victimized by a parent or other caregiver, and that daughters of lesbian mothers are more likely to engage in same-sex behavior and to identify as bisexual

Law and LGBQ-Parent Families

This paper addresses how the law affects LGBQ-parent families. We first outline the legal landscape that LGBQ parents face in the US, underscoring that it varies drastically by state and creates inequity for families. Reviewing existing social science research, we then address how the law affects three processes for LGBQ people: desiring parenthood, becoming a parent, and experiencing parent- hood. Our review indicates that the law affects if and how LGBQ people become parents. LGBQ people consider the law as they make decisions about whether to pursue adoption, donor insemination, or surrogacy and often view the latter two pathways as the most legally secure. Further, the law continues to be salient for LGBQ parents throughout parenthood and affects family well-being. Specifically, legal inequity diminishes parent’s well-being, the relationship among couples who are parenting, and parents’ ability to effectively advocate for their children in institutional settings like healthcare contexts. Finally, we address directions for future research for scholars interested in the law, family processes and outcomes, and LGBQ families