International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

STABILITY OF PRESERVATIVES IN POLYETHYLENE AND GLASS BOTTLES AT VARIOUS CONDITIONS

The accelerated stability tests of preservative solutions in polyethylene (PE) and glass bottles were studied. Phenylmercuric nitrate, was found to be the most stable in PE and glass bottles. Methylparaben, thiomersal and chlorocresol were bound to be stable in order. In autoclave sterilization, it was shown that the highest loss occured in chlorhexidine gluconate, thiomersal and phenylmercuric nitrate followed by PE bottles. The losses of preservatives in glass bottles were not significant. The change of pH value of preservative solutions was also investigated during the test. It was found that for methyl paraben, the change in pH was within its stability limits but for thiomersal, the pH was found to be and might be responsible for its loss in PE and glass bottles. The change of pH was not significant for phenylmercuric nitrate but high for chlorocresol

Chemical, morphological and physiological identification of the influence of air pollution on Pinus brutia ten

The influence of air pollution was studied on Pinus brutia Ten, collected from Aliaga, near an oil refinery, and from Bornova, in a non-polluted area. The ethyl acetate extract of the wooden parts of Pinus brutia collected from the Aliaga sample gave one spot on TLC and one lambda(max) value, while the sample from Bornova showed two spots on TLC and two lambda(max) values. In the polluted area, the sample was observed for morphological anomalies on the needles and physiological changes such as contraction of annual rings and lengthwise growth. The proposed chemical method was new for determination of air pollution effects on Pinus brutia

RETENTION OF CS-137 BY ALGAL POLYSACCHARIDES

The retention of Cs-137 in algal polysaccharides has been studied. Alginic acid showed higher retention value than the tested alginate samples. The retention of Cs-137 in carragen types and agar was first investigated. The binding capacities were found to be equal for carrageenan types and agar

SURVEY OF METAL CONTENTS OF BOSPORUS ALGAE, ZOSTERA-MARINA AND SEDIMENTS

This paper reports on heavy metal pollution in five algae, a phanerogam and the sediments collected from seven stations in the Bosphorus. The phanerogam Zostera marina showed higher metal levels than the algae tested. The metal contents were always higher in sediments than in the algae and Zostera marina

ANTICOAGULANT, FIBRINOLYTIC AND ANTIAGGREGANT ACTIVITY OF CARRAGEENANS AND ALGINIC ACID

Investigation of the effects of carrageenans and alginic acid on the coagulation and platelet aggregation systems was the aim of this study. The highest anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activities were found in lambda-carrageenan and Grateloupia dichotoma carrageenan. Antiplatelet activity of carrageenans showed that ADP-induced aggregation was inhibited slightly by tau-carrageenan whereas lambda- and kappa-carrageenans were not effective. Ristocetin induced aggregation was inhibited by all the carrageenans tested. Alginic acid did not show any activity against coagulation, fibrinolytic and platelet aggregation systems