Compensation Payments and Animal Disease: Incentivising Farmers Both to Undertake Costly On-farm Biosecurity and to Comply with Disease Reporting Requirements

This paper examines the issue of compensation payments for farmers affected by an animal disease outbreak. Recent literature has questioned the scope for the widely used “single mechanism” of compensation payments to incentivise farmers both to undertake costly on-farm biosecurity and to comply with disease reporting requirements. This paper develops a simple theoretical model of the farmer’s decision environment in this situation and uses a numerical analysis to illustrate both the potential for a range of levels of compensation payments to achieve this dual incentivising, and how this range is affected by changes in the parameter values of the farmer’s decision environment. The findings of the paper are used to suggest a range of policy implications in relation to compensation payments in the UK

Population size and decadal trends of three penguin species nesting at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands

We report long-term changes in population size of three species of sympatrically breeding pygoscelid penguins: Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) and gentoo (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii) over a 38 year period at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, based on annual counts from selected colonies and decadal all-island systematic counts of occupied nests. Comparing total numbers of breeding pairs over the whole island from 1978/79 to 2015/16 revealed varying fortunes: gentoo penguin pairs increased by 255%, (3.5% per annum), chinstrap penguins declined by 68% (-3.6% per annum) and Adélie penguins declined by 42% (-1.5% per annum). The chinstrap population has declined steadily over the last four decades. In contrast, Adélie and gentoo penguins have experienced phases of population increase and decline. Annual surveys of selected chinstrap and Adélie colonies produced similar trends from those revealed by island-wide surveys, allowing total island population trends to be inferred relatively well. However, while the annual colony counts of chinstrap and Adélie penguins showed a trend consistent in direction with the results from all-island surveys, the magnitude of estimated population change was markedly different between colony wide and all island counts. Annual population patterns suggest that pair numbers in the study areas partly reflect immigration and emigration of nesting birds between different parts of the island. Breeding success for all three species remained broadly stable over time in the annually monitored colonies. Breeding success rates in gentoo and chinstrap penguins were strongly correlated, despite the differing trends in population size. This study shows the importance of effective, standardised monitoring to accurately determine long-term population trajectories. Our results indicate significant declines in the Adélie and chinstrap penguin populations at Signy Island over the last five decades, and a gradual increase in gentoo breeding pairs

Translation elongation

The synthesis of proteins in eukaryotes is typically divided into four steps, i.e. initiation, elongation, termination and ribosome recycling. This key biological event is tightly regulated by the cell. Under conditions of increased demand or reduced production of cellular energy the cell can downregulate this process. While a tight regulation exists for the rate-limiting initiation step, elongation also appears to be under somewhat strict control. Among key targets of elongation regulation are the eukaryotic elongation factors A1/A2 (eEF1A1/A2) and the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). In addition to being involved in the regulation of protein synthesis, evidence indicates that these factors play a relevant role in the genesis and maintenance of many forms of human cancers. For this reason, elongation factors have been considered as valuable markers for different forms of cancers, as well as attractive candidates for targeted anticancer therapeutic approaches. In this chapter we focus on the description of the factors taking part in the process of elongation, as well as their involvement in cancer. Particular emphasis is put on the description of (1) the physiological role of elongation factors in elongation and in other biological processes; (2) the control of elongation factors by signaling pathways; (3) the involvement of elongation factors in cancer and (4) the anticancer therapeutic approaches based on the targeting of elongation factors