72 research outputs found
Radiative and mechanical feedback into the molecular gas of NGC 253
Starburst galaxies are undergoing intense periods of star formation.
Understanding the heating and cooling mechanisms in these galaxies can give us
insight to the driving mechanisms that fuel the starburst. Molecular emission
lines play a crucial role in the cooling of the excited gas. With SPIRE on the
Herschel Space Observatory we have observed the rich molecular spectrum towards
the central region of NGC 253. CO transitions from J=4-3 to 13-12 are observed
and together with low-J line fluxes from ground based observations, these lines
trace the excitation of CO. By studying the CO excitation ladder and comparing
the intensities to models, we investigate whether the gas is excited by UV
radiation, X-rays, cosmic rays, or turbulent heating. Comparing the CO
and CO observations to large velocity gradient models and PDR models we
find three main ISM phases. We estimate the density, temperature,and masses of
these ISM phases. By adding CO, HCN, and HNC line intensities, we are
able to constrain these degeneracies and determine the heating sources. The
first ISM phase responsible for the low-J CO lines is excited by PDRs, but the
second and third phases, responsible for the mid to high-J CO transitions,
require an additional heating source. We find three possible combinations of
models that can reproduce our observed molecular emission. Although we cannot
determine which of these are preferable, we can conclude that mechanical
heating is necessary to reproduce the observed molecular emission and cosmic
ray heating is a negligible heating source. We then estimate the mass of each
ISM phase; M for phase 1 (low-J CO lines), M for phase 2 (mid-J CO lines), and M for
phase 3 (high-J CO lines) for a total system mass of M
Sistemas de alocação de recursos a prestadores de serviços de saĂșde - a experiĂȘncia internacional
Minimal residual disease in Myeloma: Application for clinical care and new drug registration
The development of novel agents has transformed the treatment paradigm for multiple myeloma, with minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity now achievable across the entire disease spectrum. Bone marrowâbased technologies to assess MRD, including approaches using next-generation flow and next-generation sequencing, have provided real-time clinical tools for the sensitive detection and monitoring of MRD in patients with multiple myeloma. Complementary liquid biopsyâbased assays are now quickly progressing with some, such as mass spectrometry methods, being very close to clinical use, while others utilizing nucleic acidâbased technologies are still developing and will prove important to further our understanding of the biology of MRD. On the regulatory front, multiple retrospective individual patient and clinical trial level meta-analyses have already shown and will continue to assess the potential of MRD as a surrogate for patient outcome. Given all this progress, it is not surprising that a number of clinicians are now considering using MRD to inform real-world clinical care of patients across the spectrum from smoldering myeloma to relapsed refractory multiple myeloma, with each disease setting presenting key challenges and questions that will need to be addressed through clinical trials. The pace of advances in targeted and immune therapies in multiple myeloma is unprecedented, and novel MRD-driven biomarker strategies are essential to accelerate innovative clinical trials leading to regulatory approval of novel treatments and continued improvement in patient outcomes
Convergent Evolution of Pain-Inducing Defensive Venom Components in Spitting Cobras
Preprint 20 pĂĄginas. The molecular data associated with species tree generation
have been deposited to the nucleotide database of NCBI and the accession numbers are displayed
in Table S7. The transcriptome data have been deposited in the SRA and TSA databases of
NCBI and are associated with the BioProject accession number PRJA506018. Mass spectrometry
data and database search results for top-down and bottom-up proteomic experiments are publicly
available in the MassIVE repository under accession number MSV000081885 and in
proteomXchange with accession number PXD008597.Convergent evolution provides unparalleled insights into the selective drivers
underlying evolutionary change. While snakes use venom primarily for predation, and venom
composition often reflects diet specificity, three lineages of spitting cobras have independently
evolved the ability to use venom as a defensive projectile. Using gene, protein and functional
analyses, we show that the three spitting lineages possess venom characterized by an
upregulation of PLA2 toxins, which potentiate the action of venom cytotoxins to activate
mammalian sensory neurons and cause enhanced pain. These repeated independent changes
provide a fascinating example of convergent evolution across multiple phenotypic levels driven
by exaptations. Notably, the timing of their origins suggests that defensive venom spitting may
have evolved in response to the emergence of bipedal hominids in Africa and Asia.This work was funded from a studentship supported by Elizabeth Artin Kazandjian to
T.D.K., grant PE 2600/1 from the German Research Foundation (DFG) to D.P., grant OPUS 1354156 from the US National Science Foundation to H.W.G., grants FAPESP 2017/18922-2 and 2019/05026-4 from the SĂŁo Paulo Research Foundation to R.R.d.S, grants RPG-2012-627 and RFG-10193 from the Leverhulme Trust to R.A.H. and W.W., grant MR/L01839X/1 from the UK Medical Research Council to J.M.G., R.A.H., J.J.C. and N.R.C., fellowship DE160101142 from the Australian Research Council, and fellowship FRIPRO-YRT #287462 and grant
DP160104025 from the Research Council of Norway to E.A.B.U., and a Sir Henry Dale
Fellowship (200517/Z/16/Z) jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and Royal Society to N.R.C.N
Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns
This paper provides an analysis of the distribution patterns of marine biodiversity and summarizes the major activities of the Census of Marine Life program in the Caribbean region. The coastal Caribbean region is a large marine ecosystem (LME) characterized by coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses, but including other environments, such as sandy beaches and rocky shores. These tropical ecosystems incorporate a high diversity of associated flora and fauna, and the nations that border the Caribbean collectively encompass a major global marine biodiversity hot spot. We analyze the state of knowledge of marine biodiversity based on the geographic distribution of georeferenced species records and regional taxonomic lists. A total of 12,046 marine species are reported in this paper for the Caribbean region. These include representatives from 31 animal phyla, two plant phyla, one group of Chromista, and three groups of Protoctista. Sampling effort has been greatest in shallow, nearshore waters, where there is relatively good coverage of species records; offshore and deep environments have been less studied. Additionally, we found that the currently accepted classification of marine ecoregions of the Caribbean did not apply for the benthic distributions of five relatively well known taxonomic groups. Coastal species richness tends to concentrate along the Antillean arc (Cuba to the southernmost Antilles) and the northern coast of South America (Venezuela â Colombia), while no pattern can be observed in the deep sea with the available data. Several factors make it impossible to determine the extent to which these distribution patterns accurately reflect the true situation for marine biodiversity in general: (1) highly localized concentrations of collecting effort and a lack of collecting in many areas and ecosystems, (2) high variability among collecting methods, (3) limited taxonomic expertise for many groups, and (4) differing levels of activity in the study of different taxa
Avaliação de desempenho organizacional: um estudo aplicado em hospitais filantrópicos
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