Chicken CD1 genes are located in the MHC: CD1 and endothelial protein C receptor genes constitute a distinct subfamily of class-I-like genes that predates the emergence of mammals

Mammals have several major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I-like genes. Although some of them are assumed to have originated before the emergence of mammals, the origin of class-I-like genes is poorly understood. We analyzed here the recently released chicken draft genome sequence and identified two families of class-I-like genes: CD1 and PROCR (the gene for the endothelial protein C receptor). Chickens have two CD1 genes, designated CD1.1 and CD1.2, located in tandem ∼840 bp apart from each other. Chicken CD1.1 and CD1.2 are neither group 1- nor group 2-like, indicating that the two groups of CD1 emerged in a mammalian lineage. Although the database provides no information as to their chromosomal localization, we found that chicken CD1 genes are located adjacent to the previously characterized MHC B system contig on chromosome 16. We confirmed the linkage of CD1 to the B system by dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. Chickens have a single copy of PROCR. Among known class-I-like genes, PROCR is most closely related to CD1, indicating that CD1 and PROCR constitute a distinct subfamily of class-I-like genes that predates the emergence of mammals

トウニョウビョウ ケア ノ リスク マネージメント

The number of diabetics has been increasing in recent years. The diabetics are under varioustreatments, including the improvement of life habit and the medication for diabetes with insulin.Our hospital set a team of diabetic care, which is composed of a diabetic specialist, certified diabeteseducators（CDEs）, nurses, dietricians and pharmacists. This team takes great care of the diabetics.For medical safety measures, the department of risk management was organized in our hospital.The department investigated the cases of Hiyari-Hatto within 1 year and 3 months, from 2005to 2006, and found that 3% of them was the diabetic case, which was caused by the nurses exceptCDEs. Therefore the department made the manual of diabetic therapy in cooperation with theCDEs. All the staffs in our hospital were educated by the seminars according to the manual. Theknowledge about the diabetic therapy proved to be mostly accurate one year after the last seminar.For the improvement of medical safety, the department of risk management helps the CDEswith holding the educational seminars by giving the informations after analyzing the cases of Hiyari-Hatto and the questionnaires following the seminars

Gallbladder torsion in pregnancy: a case report and literature review.

Gallbladder torsion is a rare disease that requires immediate surgical intervention to avoid maternal and/or foetal sepsis and death. However, preoperative diagnosis is challenging because the disease has no specific symptoms. A 37-year-old pregnant woman at 34 weeks of gestation presented with severe epigastric pain. Ultrasonography and computed tomography scan findings showed a distended gallbladder without stones, floating from the hepatic bed, and laboratory examination demonstrated normal liver function; therefore, we made a diagnosis of gallbladder torsion and performed a caesarean section and an open cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia. This is the first report wherein gallbladder torsion in pregnancy was diagnosed preoperatively. Gallbladder torsion should be considered as a differential diagnosis in case of such imaging findings

Neurocytotoxic effects of iron-ions on the developing brain measured in vivo using medaka (Oryzias latipes), a vertebrate model

Purpose: Exposure to heavy-ion radiation is considered a critical health risk on long-term space missions. The developing central nervous system (CNS) is a highly radiosensitive tissue; however, the biological effects of heavy-ion radiation, which are greater than those of low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, are not well studied, especially in vivo in intact organisms. Here, we examined the effects of iron-ions on the developing CNS using vertebrate organism, fish embryos of medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Use of the index of pulmonary vascular disease for predicting long-term outcome of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease

AimsLimited data exist on risk factors for the long-term outcome of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with congenital heart disease (CHD-PAH). We focused on the index of pulmonary vascular disease (IPVD), an assessment system for pulmonary artery pathology specimens. The IPVD classifies pulmonary vascular lesions into four categories based on severity: (1) no intimal thickening, (2) cellular thickening of the intima, (3) fibrous thickening of the intima, and (4) destruction of the tunica media, with the overall grade expressed as an additive mean of these scores. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between IPVD and the long-term outcome of CHD-PAH.MethodsThis retrospective study examined lung pathology images of 764 patients with CHD-PAH aged <20 years whose lung specimens were submitted to the Japanese Research Institute of Pulmonary Vasculature for pulmonary pathological review between 2001 and 2020. Clinical information was collected retrospectively by each attending physician. The primary endpoint was cardiovascular death.ResultsThe 5-year, 10-year, 15-year, and 20-year cardiovascular death-free survival rates for all patients were 92.0%, 90.4%, 87.3%, and 86.1%, respectively. The group with an IPVD of ≥2.0 had significantly poorer survival than the group with an IPVD <2.0 (P = .037). The Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for the presence of congenital anomaly syndromes associated with pulmonary hypertension, and age at lung biopsy showed similar results (hazard ratio 4.46; 95% confidence interval: 1.45–13.73; P = .009).ConclusionsThe IPVD scoring system is useful for predicting the long-term outcome of CHD-PAH. For patients with an IPVD of ≥2.0, treatment strategies, including choosing palliative procedures such as pulmonary artery banding to restrict pulmonary blood flow and postponement of intracardiac repair, should be more carefully considered