Histopathological findings and apoptosis caused by E. coli in layer birds

In this study, our aim was to evaluate lesions seen in the tissues in terms of histopathology and to investigate the apoptotic cells seen in the tissues when E. coli outbreak occurred in a poultry farm. A total of 48 Lohmann White strains (53 weeks old) were submitted to the laboratory for necropsy. Microbiologic and histopathologic examinations were done on the samples taken from tissues. Apoptotic cells were determined in all of the tissues. The number of apoptotic cells increased as the tissue damage increased

The Reproduction Accuracy For Stereolithographic Model Of The Thyroid Gland Derived From The Visible Human Dataset

Objectives: To investigate reproduction accuracy of the rapid protoryping technique by comparing 3-dimensional computer-aided design (CAD) (virtual) model with stereolithographic (solid) replica of the thyroid gland. Methods: The Visible Human Dataset was used as the input imaging data. The Surfdriver software package was applied on these images to reconstruct the thyroid gland as 3-dimensional Data Exchange File (DXF) models. These models were post-processed in Cinema 4D and 3D-Doctor software for Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) and Standard Triangulation Language (STL) formats. Stereolithographic replica was manufactured in the rapid protoryping machine using STL format. This study was conducted between June 1-30, 2008 at the Department of Anatomy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. An excellent agreement was found in comparing the maximal dimensions of the CAD model of the thyroid gland and the corresponding stereolithographic model. Visual and tactile examination of the thyroid gland model allowed correct depiction of the thyroid gland anatomy. The accuracy of the stereolithographic model was attained by comparing wih the CAD model. Results: Dimensional analysis showed that an average difference between the measurements on the virtual and the solid model was 0.09 mm (p=0.06), ranging from 0.07-0.92 mm. Thyroid volume and surface area were calculated to be 25393.9 mm(3) and 8242.8 mm(2), using 3D-Doctor software, which were agreement with those obtained from Brunn's formula. Conclusion: Stereolithographic biomodeling is a state-of-the-art and reliable method of visualizing anatomoclinical structures and abnormalities.Wo

Learning Anatomy via Mobile Augmented Reality: Effects on Achievement and Cognitive Load

Augmented reality (AR), a new generation of technology, has attracted the attention of educators in recent years. In this study, a MagicBook was developed for a neuroanatomy topic by using mobile augmented reality (mAR) technology. This technology integrates virtual learning objects into the real world and allow users to interact with the environment using mobile devices. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of learning anatomy via mAR on medical students' academic achievement and cognitive load. The mixed method was applied in the study. The random sample consisted of 70 second-year undergraduate medical students: 34 in an experimental group and 36 in a control group. Academic achievement test and cognitive load scale were used as data collection tool. A one-way MANOVA test was used for analysis. The experimental group, which used mAR applications, reported higher achievement and lower cognitive load. The use of mAR applications in anatomy education contributed to the formation of an effective and productive learning environment. Student cognitive load decreased as abstract information became concrete in printed books via multimedia materials in mAR applications. Additionally, students were able to access the materials in the MagicBook anytime and anywhere they wanted. The mobile learning approach helped students learn better by exerting less cognitive effort. Moreover, the sensory experience and real time interaction with environment may provide learning satisfaction and enable students to structure their knowledge to complete the learning tasks. Anat Sci Educ 9:411-421. (C) 2016 American Association of Anatomists

Donor bile duct evaluation with magnetic resonance cholangiography in living-donor liver transplantation: a novel anatomical classification for predicting surgical techniques

PURPOSETo propose a novel, inclusive classification that facilitates the selection of the appropriate donor and surgical technique in living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT).METHODSThe magnetic resonance cholangiography examinations of 201 healthy liver donors were retrospectively evaluated. The study group was classified according to the proposed classification. The findings were compared with the surgical technique used in 93 patients who underwent transplantation. The Couinaud, Huang, Karakas, Choi, and Ohkubo classifications were also applied to all cases.RESULTSThere were 118 right-lobe donors (58.7%) and 83 left-lateral-segment donors (41.3%). Fifty-six (28.8%) of the cases were classified as type 1, 136 (67.7%) as type 2, and 7 (3.5%) as type 3 in the proposed classification; all cases could be classified. The number of individuals able to become liver donors was 93. A total of 36 cases were type 1, 56 were type 2, and 1 was type 3. Of the type 1 donors, 83% required single anastomosis during transplantation, whereas six patients classified as type 1 required two anastomoses, all of which were caused by technical challenges during resection. Moreover, 51.8% of the cases classified as type 2 required additional anastomosis during transplantation. The type 3 patient required three anastomoses. The type 1 and type 2 donors required a different number of anastomoses (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONThe proposed classification in this study includes all anatomical variations. This inclusive classification accurately predicts the surgical technique for LDLT

Analysis of posterior circulation diameters depending on age, sex and side by computed tomography angiography

Background: Posterior circulation of brain is important because of vital organs’ blood supply provided by them. In this study, we evaluate the relationship of posterior circulation measurements with age, gender and side by using computed tomography angiography (CTA) images. Materials and methods: A total 199 brain CTA examinations were retrospectively analysed for all posterior circulation arteries (vertebral artery, basilar artery, posterior cerebral artery [PCA], superior cerebellar artery [SCA], anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and posterior inferior cerebellar artery [PICA]) to compare the difference based on age, gender and side. Results: There is no correlation between age and the mean diameters of all vessels (p > 0.05). The mean diameter of left vertebral artery was higher than right vertebral artery in all genders (p = 0.004 for males and p < 0.001 for females). The mean diameter of left SCA and PICA were higher than right SCA and PICA in females (p = 0.032 and p = 0.027, respectively). The mean diameters of basilar, left PCA, left SCA, left vertebral, right PCA, right SCA, right PICA and right vertebral artery were higher in males and that differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.006, p = 0.004, p = 0.001, p = 0.003, p = 0.002, and p = 0.006, respectively). Conclusions: The posterior circulation vessel diameter is not affected by aging. The mean diameters of basilar artery, both PCAs, both SCAs, right PICA, both vertebral arteries were higher in males. The mean diameter of left vertebral artery is higher than that of right vertebral artery in all genders