Marketing as a means to transformative social conflict resolution: lessons from transitioning war economies and the Colombian coffee marketing system

Social conflicts are ubiquitous to the human condition and occur throughout markets, marketing processes, and marketing systems.When unchecked or unmitigated, social conflict can have devastating consequences for consumers, marketers, and societies, especially when conflict escalates to war. In this article, the authors offer a systemic analysis of the Colombian war economy, with its conflicted shadow and coping markets, to show how a growing network of fair-trade coffee actors has played a key role in transitioning the country’s war economy into a peace economy. They particularly draw attention to the sources of conflict in this market and highlight four transition mechanisms — i.e., empowerment, communication, community building and regulation — through which marketers can contribute to peacemaking and thus produce mutually beneficial outcomes for consumers and society. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for marketing theory, practice, and public policy

Comparison of a conventional and modified tooth stain index

Objectives: To evaluate a modified tooth stain index and determine the effect of dietary factors on stain formation. Methods: At baseline, 182 adult volunteers were given a full oral prophylaxis followed by stain assessment using a modification of the Lobene index. This involved assigning separate scores to the mesial (M) and distal (D) sites of each tooth, in addition to the standard gingival area (G) and tooth body (B). For each site, stain intensity and areas were scored. The sum of (intensity×area) scores was calculated for all sites (GBMD‐value) and for the gingival and body sites only (GB‐value). The subjects used a standard abrasive dentifrice and a soft toothbrush for 6 weeks. Results: Stain was reassessed and the average increase in GBMD‐value was 20.9 (sd=9.9) (buccal aspect) and 29.9 (sd=18.0) (lingual aspect). The corresponding GB‐values were 4.4 (sd=4.8) and 12.5 (sd=10.2). The coefficients of variation of the GBMD index values were consistently lower than those of the GB values. Smoking and tea‐drinking were found to be the only significant (p<0.001) factors investigated for stain formation. Conclusions: It is concluded that the modified index may well be advantageous to its conventional counterpart because sites with most visible stain are assessed separately and because it may also offer higher discriminatory power due to a lower coefficient of variation

The δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and Δ 47 records in biogenic, pedogenic and geogenic carbonate types from paleosol-loess sequence and their paleoenvironmental meaning

Paleoenvironmental reconstructions are commonly based on isotopic signatures of a variety of carbonate types, including rhizoliths and land-snail shells, present in paleosol-loess sequences. However, various carbonate types are formed through distinct biotic and abiotic processes over various periods, and therefore may record diverging environmental information in the same sedimentological layer. Here, we investigate the effects of carbonate type on δ13C, δ18O, and clumped isotope-derived paleotemperature [T(Δ47)] from the Quaternary Nussloch paleosol-loess sequence (Rhine Valley, SW Germany). δ13C, δ18O, and T(Δ47) values of co-occurring rhizoliths (-8.2‰ to-5.8‰,-6.1‰ to-5.9‰, 12-32°C, respectively), loess dolls (-7.0‰,-5.6‰, 23°C), land-snail shells (-8.1‰ to-3.2‰,-4.0‰ to-2.2‰, 12-38°C), earthworm biospheroliths (-11‰,-4.7‰, 8°C), and bulk carbonates (-1.9‰ to-0.5‰,-5.6‰ to-5.3‰, 78-120°C) from three sediment layers depend systematically on the carbonate type, admixture from geogenic carbonate, and the duration of formation periods. Based on these findings, we provide a comprehensive summary for the application of the three isotopic proxies of δ13C, δ18O, and Δ47 in biogenic and pedogenic carbonates present in the same sediment layer to reconstruct paleoenvironments (e.g., local vegetation, evaporative conditions, and temperature). We conclude that bulk carbonates in Nussloch loess should be excluded from paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Instead, pedogenic and biogenic carbonates should be used to provide context for interpreting the isotopic signature for detailed site- A nd time-specific paleoenvironmental information

The δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and Δ 47 records in biogenic, pedogenic and geogenic carbonate types from paleosol-loess sequence and their paleoenvironmental meaning

Paleoenvironmental reconstructions are commonly based on isotopic signatures of a variety of carbonate types, including rhizoliths and land-snail shells, present in paleosol-loess sequences. However, various carbonate types are formed through distinct biotic and abiotic processes over various periods, and therefore may record diverging environmental information in the same sedimentological layer. Here, we investigate the effects of carbonate type on δ13C, δ18O, and clumped isotope-derived paleotemperature [T(Δ47)] from the Quaternary Nussloch paleosol-loess sequence (Rhine Valley, SW Germany). δ13C, δ18O, and T(Δ47) values of co-occurring rhizoliths (-8.2‰ to-5.8‰,-6.1‰ to-5.9‰, 12-32°C, respectively), loess dolls (-7.0‰,-5.6‰, 23°C), land-snail shells (-8.1‰ to-3.2‰,-4.0‰ to-2.2‰, 12-38°C), earthworm biospheroliths (-11‰,-4.7‰, 8°C), and bulk carbonates (-1.9‰ to-0.5‰,-5.6‰ to-5.3‰, 78-120°C) from three sediment layers depend systematically on the carbonate type, admixture from geogenic carbonate, and the duration of formation periods. Based on these findings, we provide a comprehensive summary for the application of the three isotopic proxies of δ13C, δ18O, and Δ47 in biogenic and pedogenic carbonates present in the same sediment layer to reconstruct paleoenvironments (e.g., local vegetation, evaporative conditions, and temperature). We conclude that bulk carbonates in Nussloch loess should be excluded from paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Instead, pedogenic and biogenic carbonates should be used to provide context for interpreting the isotopic signature for detailed site- A nd time-specific paleoenvironmental information

The δ13C, δ18O and Δ47records in biogenic, pedogenic and geogenic carbonate types from paleosol-loess sequence and their paleoenvironmental meaning

Paleoenvironmental reconstructions are commonly based on isotopic signatures of a variety of carbonate types, including rhizoliths and land-snail shells, present in paleosol-loess sequences. However, various carbonate types are formed through distinct biotic and abiotic processes over various periods, and therefore may record diverging environmental information in the same sedimentological layer. Here, we investigate the effects of carbonate type on δ13C, δ18O, and clumped isotope-derived paleotemperature [T(Δ47)] from the Quaternary Nussloch paleosol-loess sequence (Rhine Valley, SW Germany). δ13C, δ18O, and T(Δ47) values of co-occurring rhizoliths (-8.2‰ to -5.8‰, -6.1‰ to -5.9‰, 12-32°C, respectively), loess dolls (-7.0‰, -5.6‰, 23°C), land-snail shells (-8.1‰ to -3.2‰, -4.0‰ to -2.2‰, 12-38°C), earthworm biospheroliths (-11‰, -4.7‰, 8°C), and "bulk"carbonates (-1.9‰ to -0.5‰, -5.6‰ to -5.3‰, 78-120°C) from three sediment layers depend systematically on the carbonate type, admixture from geogenic carbonate, and the duration of formation periods. Based on these findings, we provide a comprehensive summary for the application of the three isotopic proxies of δ13C, δ18O, and Δ47 in biogenic and pedogenic carbonates present in the same sediment layer to reconstruct paleoenvironments (e.g., local vegetation, evaporative conditions, and temperature). We conclude that bulk carbonates in Nussloch loess should be excluded from paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Instead, pedogenic and biogenic carbonates should be used to provide context for interpreting the isotopic signature for detailed site- and time-specific paleoenvironmental information. Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

The delta C-13, delta O-18 and Delta(47) records in biogenic, pedogenic and geogenic carbonate types from paleosol-loess sequence and their paleoenvironmental meaning

Paleoenvironmental reconstructions are commonly based on isotopic signatures of a variety of carbonate types, including rhizoliths and land-snail shells, present in paleosol-loess sequences. However, various carbonate types are formed through distinct biotic and abiotic processes over various periods, and therefore may record diverging environmental information in the same sedimentological layer. Here, we investigate the effects of carbonate type on delta C-13, delta O-18, and clumped isotope-derived paleotemperature [T(Delta(47))] from the Quaternary Nussloch paleosol-loess sequence (Rhine Valley, SW Germany). delta C-13, delta O-18, and T(Delta(47)) values of co-occurring rhizoliths (-8.2 parts per thousand to -5.8 parts per thousand, -6.1 parts per thousand to -5.9 parts per thousand, 12-32 degrees C, respectively), loess dolls (-7.0 parts per thousand, -5.6 parts per thousand, 23 degrees C), land-snail shells (-8.1 parts per thousand to -3.2 parts per thousand, -4.0 parts per thousand to -2.2 parts per thousand, 12-38 degrees C), earthworm biospheroliths (-11 parts per thousand, -4.7 parts per thousand, 8 degrees C), and "bulk" carbonates (-1.9 parts per thousand to -0.5 parts per thousand, -5.6 parts per thousand to -5.3 parts per thousand, 78-120 degrees C) from three sediment layers depend systematically on the carbonate type, admixture from geogenic carbonate, and the duration of formation periods. Based on these findings, we provide a comprehensive summary for the application of the three isotopic proxies of delta C-13, delta O-18, and Delta(47) in biogenic and pedogenic carbonates present in the same sediment layer to reconstruct paleoenvironments (e.g., local vegetation, evaporative conditions, and temperature). We conclude that bulk carbonates in Nussloch loess should be excluded from paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Instead, pedogenic and biogenic carbonates should be used to provide context for interpreting the isotopic signature for detailed site- and time-specific paleoenvironmental information

Rapid and precise measurement of carbonate clumped isotopes using laser spectroscopy

Carbonate clumped isotope abundance is an important paleothermometer, but measurement is difficult, slow, and subject to cardinal mass (m/z) interferences using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Here, we describe an optical spectroscopic measurement of carbonate clumped isotopes. We have adapted a tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectrometer (TILDAS) system to measure the abundances of four CO2 isotopologues used for clumped isotope thermometry. TILDAS achieves the same precision (0.01‰ SE) as IRMS measurements rapidly (∼50 min per carbonate analysis) and using small samples (<2 mg of calcite), without making assumptions about 17O abundance in the sample. A temperature calibration based on 406 analyses of CO2 produced by digestion of 51 synthetic carbonates equilibrated at 6° to 1100°C is consistent with results for natural carbonates and previous calibrations. Our system results were indistinguishable from IRMS systems after replicating the InterCarb interlaboratory calibration. Measurement by TILDAS could change the landscape for clumped isotope analysis.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]