Screening for Syphilis in Cases of Suspected Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Infections

Background. In all cases of suspected sexually transmitted infections (STIs), it has been routine practice to screen for syphilis with a blood sample. The incidence of syphilis seems to be lower than that of commonly screened STIs. Objective. The objective of our study was to determine whether it is cost-effective to screen for syphilis with serological testing in cases of suspected gonorrhea and chlamydia infections. Hypothesis. Our hypothesis is that it is not cost-effective to screen for syphilis in cases of presumed gonorrhea and chlamydia infections. Methods. Our study is a New York Medical College institutional review board–approved retrospective study. During the period January 2004 to August 12, 2006, the laboratory work of all patients tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia in our emergency department was reviewed. The charts were reviewed for the following tests: gonorrhea DNA probe, chlamydia DNA probe, and syphilis IgG (immunoglobulin G)/RPR (rapid plasma reagin). The results of these tests were obtained and analyzed. Results. The total number of patients screened for gonorrhea and chlamydia during this period was 196. Seventy-eight patients tested positive for gonorrhea and chlamydia. All these 78 patients, tested negative for syphilis. The overall prevalence of positivity for STIs was 39.8% (78/196). The prevalence of chlamydia alone was 85.9% (67/78) and gonorrhea alone was 7.69% (6/78). The prevalence of combined both chlamydia and gonorrhea was 6.4% (5/78). Statistics. We used online SILICO 2 × 4 Fisher exact test. By comparing positive and negative results of serology RPR, GC, and chlamydia trap, the resultant 2-tailed P value isConclusions. Per our study, the yield of syphilis testing was negligible. It may not be cost-effective to screen for syphilis in cases of STIs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia

Ferrocenyl substituted chlorostilbenes and butadienes

The readily accessible α-chlorophosphonates (OCH2CMe2CH2O)P(O)CH(Cl)---C6H4-4-R [1: R=Me (a), OMe (b), Cl (c), H (d)] react with ferrocenecarboxaldehyde in the presence of NaH [Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction] to give good yields of ferrocenyl substituted chlorostilbenes. The novel bis ferrocenyl butadiene C5H5FeC5H4---CH=CH---C(CN)CHC5H4FeC5H5 (9) as well as the ferrocenyl 2-cyano-1,3-butadienes 4-R---C6H4---CH=CH---C(CN)=CHC5H4FeC5H5 [R=Me (10a), OMe (10b), Cl (10c)] have been obtained by using the new allylphosphonate (OCH2CMe2CH2O)P(O)CH2C(CN)=CHC5H4FeC5H5 (8); the latter compound was prepared in good yields by the reaction of the Baylis-Hillman adduct, C5H5FeC5H4CH(OH)C(CN)=CH2 (7), with the chlorophosphite (OCH2CMe2CH2O)PCl. The electrochemical behavior of the ferrocenyl compounds thus synthesized has been studied; two reversible one-electron processes are observed in the case of compound 9 suggesting a cooperative interaction between the two ferrocenyl residues

A convenient chromatography-free access to enantiopure 6,6'-di-tert-butyl-1,1'-binaphthalene-2,2'-diol and its 3,3'-dibromo, di-tert-butyl and phosphorus derivatives: utility in asymmetric synthesis

A simple chromatography-free high-yielding synthesis of the hexane-soluble enantiopure 6,6'-di-tert-butyl-1,1'-binaphthalene-2,2'-diol 3 (6,6'-di-tert-butyl BINOL) using Friedel-Crafts reaction on 1,1'-binaphthalene-2,2'-diol 1 (BINOL) is described. The enantiomeric purity was fully maintained in the reaction. Compound 3 has been used as an entry point for the convenient chromatography-free synthesis of 3,3',6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl BINOL 4 and 3,3'-dibromo-6,6'-di-tert-butyl BINOL 5. A straightforward route to enantiopure bisphosphites [(6,6'-R2C20H10O2)P]2[O2C20H10-6,6'-R2] [R = H 15, t-Bu 16] by simply reacting phosphorochloridite (6,6'-R2C20H10O2)PCl [R = H20, t-Bu 6] with metallic sodium is highlighted. The identity of 15 and 16 as their selenium-oxidized products 17 and 18 (at phosphorus center) is confirmed by X-ray crystallography (17 in the enantiopure form and 18 as racemate). Various enantiopure phosphoramidites of the modified BINOL have been synthesized. It is established that even when the phosphoramidites derived from the unsusbstituted BINOL 1 fail to give an appreciable optical induction in the asymmetric reduction of acetophenone/phenacyl chloride, those derived from 3 do induce moderate chiral induction (up to 30% ee in the case for acetophenone and 43% ee in the case of phenacyl chloride), thus leaving scope for further improvement in ee for related reactions

Diversity of true mangroves and their associates in the Kundapura region, Udupi district, Karnataka, Southwest coast of India

The present study documents the diversity of true mangroves and their associates, in four selected sites of Kundapura, Udupi district, Karnataka, Southwest coast of India, for a period of two years from April-2010 to March-2012. These places are far from one another and the mangrove species diversity varies from one place to another, due to factors such as climate, tidal factors and anthropogenic pressures. Nine true mangrove floral species belonging to six families and ten associated floral species belonging to nine families were identified along the inundated and the adjacent regions at the study sites.  This write up discusses the need of present study is to gain knowledge about the mangrove flora in order help conservation of mangrove ecosystem

Estimasi Perdagangan Indonesia Dan India Trade Estimation of Indonesia and India

Artikel ini mengkaji estimasi perdagangan Indonesia dan India. Perdagangan terdiri dari ekspor dan imporyang seharusnya mempertimbangkan keadaan seasonal dan irregularity dari data yang ada. Structural Time-Series Model (STSM) dari perdagangan Indonesia dan India memperlihatkan bahwa estimasi volume dan nilaiperdagangan migas dan non-migas Indonesia dan India relatif stabil dengan kecenderungan meningkat.Pemangku kebijakan perdagangan seharusnya bisa memberikan fokus yang lebih kepada pola seasonalperdagangan dimana terjadi fluktuasi perdagangan pada bulan-bulan tertentu serta penurunan perdagangan ditahun 2014 dan 2016. Hal ini bisa diantisipasi oleh otoritas terkait dengan cara melakukan perbaikaninfrastruktur perdagangan serta peningkatan komitmen perjanjian perdagangan yang lebih komprehensif antaraIndonesia dan India

The first structural study on a cyclic tricoordinate phosphorochloridite and a pentacoordinate phosphorane based on 1,2,3,5-protected myo-inositol-a new conformation of 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane ring

Treatment of the phosphoramidite {myo-C6H6-2-[OC(O)Ph]-1,3,5-(O3CH)-4,6-(O2P-NH-i-Pr)} with o-chloranil affords the first example of inositol-based pentacoordinate phosphorane {myo-C6H6-2-[OC(O)Ph]-1,3,5-(O3CH)-4,6-(O2P-NH-i-Pr)(1,2-O2C6Cl4)} (9) (X-ray structure) with a trigonal bipyramidal geometry at phosphorus. The six-membered 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane ring with the inositol residue has an unusual boat conformation in 9 which is quite different from that found in unrestrained rings investigated before, but is similar to that of its PIII chloro precursor {myo-C6H6-2-[OC(O)Ph]-1,3,5-(O3CH)-4,6-(O2PCl)} (X-ray structure). Also, a convenient and chromatography-free procedure for the protected myo-inositol derivative {myo-C6H6-2-[OC(O)Ph]-1,3,5-(O3CH)-4,6-(OH)2} is reported

PERCEPTION AND USAGE OF HEALTH INFORMATION SOURCES AND SERVICES AMONG THE URBAN COMMUNITY USERS OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES: A CASE STUDY OF BHADRAVATHI

The study examined the perception and usage of health information sources and services by the urban community users of public libraries. The study investigated 110 users from two public libraries in Bhadravathi. Findings revealed that majority of the users not enrolling library membership. 44.54% of users were visit library daily and large numbers of respondents were get health information through newspaper followed by television, advertisements and pamphlet/brochures. Education and sports were the most frequently preferred topics by the users. Arogya column published by Prajavani Kannada newspaper was most preferred newspaper column for getting health information by the users followed by VK Health column published by Vijaya Karnataka was stood in 2nd position to get health information by the users. Most of the users preferred Sudha, Gruhashobha and Taranga magazines to get health information. Stimulatingly, large number of the users frequently listen health related programs in Radio. The study also revealed that most of the users were aware about H1N1, DPT, Polio, BCG, TT, AIDS Control, 108 Arogya Kavacha, Malaria Cholera Dengue, Family Planning, Chicken Gunya district health programs of Karnataka state