Роль Європейського Союзу у процесі реформування європейської системи захисту прав людини

Смирнова К. В. Роль Європейського Союзу у процесі реформування європейської системи захисту прав людини / К. В. Смирнова // Правове забезпечення ефективного виконання рішень і застосування практики Європейського суду з прав людини : зб. наук. cт. Міжнар. наук.­-практ. конф. (Одеса, 15 вересня 2012 р.) / за ред. С. В. Ківалова ; НУ «ОЮА». – Одеса : Фенікс, 2012. – С. 166-177.Стаття присвячена дослідженню правових механізмів європейської сис­теми захисту прав людини та процесів її реформування. Аналізується меха­нізми реформування внутрішньої системи захисту прав людини в Євросоюзі. Доведено, що реформування європейської системи захисту прав людини за­лежить від процесів трансформації в Євросоюзі.Статья посвящена исследованию правовых механизмов европейской системы защиты прав человека и процессов ее реформирования. Анализиру­ются механизмы реформирования внутренней системы защиты прав человека в Евросоюзе. Доказано, что реформирование европейской системы защиты прав человека зависит от процессов трансформации в Евросоюзе.The article deals with the legal mechanisms of the European system of human rights protection and the process of reform. The mechanisms of the reform of the internal system of human rights protection in the EU are analyzed. Proved that the reform of the European system of human rights depends on the transformation processes in the EU

Changes of indices of the oxygen-transport state, depending on periodization of the ischemic cerebral stroke

Objective. To elaborate a clinico-pathogenetic periodization of ischemic cerebral stroke, depending on changes of the oxygen-transport state indices in critically ill patents, suffering the ischemic cerebral stroke on background of conduction of complex intensive therapy. Materials and methods. Into the investigation 75 patients, suffering ischemic cerebral stroke, ageing 41 - 77 yrs, were included, in whom the indices of oxygen-transport state and severity of neurological symptoms on background of complex intensive therapy were studied. Depending on severity of neurologic symptoms, three similar groups of patients were formed (25 patients in every one), suffering mild, middle-severe and severe ischemic cerebral stroke, in which the disease severity was determined in accordance to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale. Results. On background of the complex intensive therapy conduction the duration of the most acute period in mild ischemic stroke have constituted 3 days, in a middle-severe - 4 days, and in a severe one - 7 days. Tendency towards minimization of neurologic deficiency was noted, if parameters of central hemodynamics, the oxygen budget and the cognition level were stabilized during 2 days. Simultaneously the cardiac index values for all groups of patients have been situated in a range of (2.99 ± 0.20) l × min-1 × m-2, the oxygen delivery index have exceeded (509 ± 34) ml × min-1 × m-2. The restored level of neurological symptoms have not a tendency towards improvement or was stable during several days in accordance to data of the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale. The restored level of neurological symptoms had a tendency to improvement or staying during several days stable in accordance to indices of scales of National Institute of Health and Comas Glasgow, than a progressive staged improvement began. Conclusion. Normalization during 2 days of the oxygen-transport state indices without neurological symptoms progression constitutes a criterion of conclusion of the most acute period of the disease in patients, suffering mild, middle-severe and severe ischemic cerebral stroke. The restored due to intensive therapy during 48 h the oxygen-transport state without progressing of neurological symptoms in patients, suffering ischemic cerebral stroke, witnesses lowering of the cerebral tissue oedema and restoration of the autoregulation processes

Periodization of the brain ischemic insult

Periodization of the brain ischemic insul

Differentiated approach to treatment of arterial hypertension in patients, suffering ischemic cerebral stroke

Objective. To raise the efficacy of treatment of arterial hypertension in patients, suffering ischemic cerebral stroke of the middle grade of severity on background of determination of hemodynamic variant of arterial hypertension. Materials and methods. Prospective nonrandomized investigation concerning 42 patients, suffering ischemic cerebral stroke of middle severity in accordance to the insult severity scale of National Institute of Health (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale - NIHSS), was conducted. The patients’ middle age have constituted (69.4 ± 1.4) yrs. There were the central hemodynamic indices measured, the arterial hypertension hemodynamic variant determined, the oxygen and hemodynamic status estimated, and in accordance to the results obtained - the differentiated antihypertensive therapy was administered. All the patients were divided into three groups, depending on hemodynamical variant of arterial hypertension: the first group – patients with eukinetic variant, the second group – patients with hypokinetic variant, the third group – patients with hyperkinetic variant. Hemodynamical variant of arterial hypertension was determined in accordance to the referent level of cardiac index. The groups were representative in accordance to age, height, the body mass, the main and concurrent pathology and the cerebral affection degree. Results. In the patients, suffering initial eukinetic hemodynamical variant of arterial hypertension, the cardiac index have fluctuated from 2.88 to 4.67 l × min-1 × m-2, general peripheral vascular resistance have rested in the norm borders, the oxygen saturation level of arterial blood did not demand the oxygen therapy, index of the oxygen delivery have exceeded the appropriate values and fluctuated in borders from 541 to 903 l × min-1 × m-2. In complex of differentiated antihypertensive therapy there was applied a constant intravenous injection of magnesium sulfate in a daily dose 2500 - 5000 mg. For patients with initial hypokinetic hemodynamic variant of arterial hypertension following signs are characteristic: low cardiac index - from 1.65 to 2.08 l × min-1 × m-2, the enhanced general peripheral vascular resistance - 2813 (from 2393 to 3403) dyne × s-1 × cm-5 and the lowered index of the oxygen delivery - from 306 to 412 l × min-1 × m-2. Differentiated antihypertensive therapy was conducted, using urapidyl: intravenous boluses 1.25 – 2.5 mg with further infusion 5 - 40 mg × h-1. For hyperkinetic hemodynamic variant of arterial hypertension the raised cardiac index is characteristic – 3.75 l × min-1 × m-2 (fluctuated in borders from 3.62 to 4.10 l × min-1 × m-2), as well as normal general peripheral vascular resistance - 1189 (from 1055 to 1449) dyne × s-1 × cm-5 and raised index of the oxygen delivery - 762 (from 725 to 828) l × min-1 × m-2. Differentiated antihypertensive therapy was conducted, using labetalol: intravenous infusion with velocity 2 - 8 mg × min-1. Conclusion. In the patients with ischemic cerebral stroke of the middle grade of severity the conduction of differentiated antihypertensive therapy, taking into account hemodynamic type of arterial hypertension and the oxygen-hemodynamic stabilization of the blood circulation system, improved the results of treatment and accelerated the rehabilitation duration

Toolbox from the EC FP7 HOSANNA project for the reduction of road and rail traffic noise in the outdoor environment

yesThis paper offers a brief overview of innovative methods for road and rail traffic noise reduction between source and receiver. These include using new barrier designs, planting of trees, treatments of ground and road surfaces and greening of building façades and roofs using natural materials, like vegetation, soil and other substrates in combination with recycled materials and artificial elements. The abatements are assessed in terms of numerically predicted sound level reductions, perceptual effects and cost–benefit analysis. Useful reductions of noise from urban roads and tramways are predicted for 1-m-high urban noise barriers and these are increased by adding inter-lane barriers. A 3 m wide 0.3 m high lattice ground treatment, a carefully planted 15-m-wide tree belt and replacing 50 m of paved areas by grassland are predicted to give similar reductions. Tree belts are shown to be very cost-effective and combining tall barriers with a row of trees reduces the negative impact of wind. Green roofs may significantly reduce the noise at the quiet side of buildings

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL POWDER PROPERTIES IN THE Al2O3-ZrO2-Y2O3-CeO2 SYSTEM, OBTAINED BY COMBINED METHOD

The Al2O3 – ZrO2 (Y2O3, CeO2) system is promising for creation the composites for various purposes: structural, functional and medical. ZTA – zirconia toughened alumina belongs to the transformation-reinforced composites. The complex doping of ZrO2 with Y2O3 and CeO2 does not only increase the strength characteristics, but also increases the ageing resistance of ZrO2- based composites. ZTA - nanopowders containing 20-30% (wt.) ZrO2 (Y2O3, CeO2), were obtained by a combined method: hydrothermal synthesis in alkaline medium with following mechanical mixing. The properties of ZTA - nanopowders are determined by synergetic effect of all components. Phase transformations of Al2O3 and ZrO2 - based solid solution (cubic F - ZrO2 → tetragonal Т - ZrO2 → monoclinic М - ZrO2) took place during thermal treatment. Nanocrystalline powder of ZrO2 (Y2O3, CeO2) solid solution was hydrothermally synthesized in an alkaline medium. A metastable low-temperature F - ZrO2 was formed. To prevent the influences of phase transformation of Al2O3 and ZrO2, it is advisable to use the α- Al2O3 as initial powder. Mixing of ZrO2 - based solid solution powder with α- Al2O3 was carried out in a ball mill. To study the regularities of change in physical and chemical properties, the powders were thermal treated in the temperature range 400-1450 °C with a 2-hour exposure at each temperature. Methods of investigation - X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential-thermal analysis (DTA), BET method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A series of endo-effects were noted on DTA curves in this temperature range, which correspond to the minimum on the DTG curves. Endothermic effects on the DTA curves are associated with the residual moisture. The following effects may correspond both to processes of ZrO2 - based solid solution transformations from an amorphous to crystalline state and to the aggregation of particles, and to the ZrO2 - based solid solution phase transformations. According to the XRD, the F - ZrO2→ Т - ZrO2 phase transformation was completed at 1000°C. During the thermal treatment up to 1000 °C, М- ZrO2 was not formed. The morphology of the powders changes topologically continuously

Acoustic properties of low growing plants

N

Quantitative estimation of Holocene surface salinity variation in the Black Sea using dinoflagellate cyst process length

Reconstruction of salinity in the Holocene Black Sea has been an ongoing debate over the past four decades. Here we calibrate summer surface water salinity in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Caspian Sea with the process length of the dinoflagellate cyst Lingulodinium machaerophorum. We then apply this calibration to make a regional reconstruction of paleosalinity in the Black Sea, calculated by averaging out process length variation observed at four core sites from the Black Sea with high sedimentation rates and dated by multiple mollusk shell ages. Results show a very gradual change of salinity from ~14 ± 0.91 psu around 9.9 cal ka BP to a minimum ~12.3 ± 0.91 psu around 8.5 cal ka BP, reaching current salinities of ~17.1 ± 0.91 psu around 4.1 cal ka BP. The resolution of our sampling is about 250 years, and it fails to reveal a catastrophic salinization event at ~9.14 cal ka BP advocated by other researchers. The dinoflagellate cyst salinity-proxy does not record large Holocene salinity fluctuations, and after early Holocene freshening, it shows correspondence to the regional sea-level curve of Brückner et al. (2010) derived from Balabanov (2007)

Investigation of the phase formation mechanism in magnesium alumosilicate glasses during thermal treatment

Investigation of the phase formation mechanism in magnesium alumosilicate glasses during thermal treatment = Дослідження механізму фазоутворення в магнійалюмосилікатних стеклах при термічній обробці / O. V. Savvova, V. D. Tymofieiev, O. I. Fesenko, H. K. Voronov, Y. О. Smyrnova // Зб. наук. пр. НУК. – Миколаїв : НУК, 2022. – № 2 (489). – С. 35–40.Метою даної роботи є дослідження структури магнійалюмосилікатних стекол в умовах термічної обробки. Вид та кількість кристалічної фази визначали за допомогою рентгенофазового (дифрактометр ДРОН3М) та петрографічного (мікроскоп NU-2E) методів аналізу. В’язкість скла визначали за методом розтягнення нитки. Мікроструктуру стекол досліджували з використанням електронного мікроскопа «ЕМВ 100 АК». За результатами проведених досліджених встановлено механізм структуро- та фазоутворення магнійалюмосилікатних склокерамічних матеріалів зі співвідношенням MgO:Al2O3:SiO2= 1,0:2,5:5,0 та вмістом модифікуючих оксидів (CaO, K2О, B2O3) 12,5 мас. % та каталізатору кристалізації (TiO2) 2,5 мас.%. Наукова новизна полягає у встановленні тристадійного механізму формування структури магнійалюмосилікатних склокерамічних матеріалів в умовах низькотемпературної двостадійної термічної обробки. На першому етапі утворення вторинних краплевидних неоднорідностей розміром 0,01÷0,05 мкм при температурі 800 ºC в умовах підвищеної в’язкості приводить до агломерації сферолітів розміром 0,5÷0,8 мкм та появи зернистих агрегатів зародків кристалізації на другому етапі. Встановлено, що забезпечення високої в’язкості (η = 108,6 Па·с) дослідного скла обумовлює формування розвиненої крапельної двокаркасної структури за короткий термін, що дозволяє знизити температуру формування зародків кристалічної фази. На четвертому етапі спостерігається формування ситалізованої субмікронної високоміцної структури, яка характеризується наявністю нанонеоднорідностей, кристалів α-кордієриту у вигляді ізометричний призм та октаедричних кристалів шпінелі при температурі 990 ºC, які при температурі кристалізації 1050 ºC формують тонкокристалічну структури з розміром кристалів 0,5÷1,0 мкм. Практична значимість роботи полягає у розробці складів високоміцних склокристалічних матеріалів та технологічних параметрів їх одержання. Вони можуть бутивикористані як основа при розробці композиційних захисних елементів техніки та обладнання.The aim of this work is to study the structure of magnesium aluminosilicate glasses under heat treatment. The type and amount of the crystalline phase were determined using XRD (DRON-3M) and petrographic (NU-2E polarizing microscope) methods. The glass microstructure was studied using an «EMV 100 AK» electron microscope. The glass viscosity was determined by the method of stretching the thread. According to the results of investigations, the mechanism of structure and phase formation of magnesium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic materials has been established. The initial glasses are characterized by the ratio MgO:Al2O3:SiO2 = 1.0:2.5:5.0, the content of modifying oxides Σ(CaO, K2O, B2O3) = 12.5 wt. %, and the nucleation catalyst TiO2 = 2.5 wt. %. The scientific novelty consists in establishing a three-stage mechanism for the structure formation of magnesium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic materials under conditions of low-temperature two-stage heat treatment. At the first stage in the glass secondary drop-shaped inhomogeneities 0.01÷0.05 µm in size are formed due to the phase separation. Their presence and increased viscosity of glass at a temperature of 800 ºC leads to agglomeration of spherulites with a size of 0.5÷0.8 μm and the appearance of granular aggregates of crystallization nuclei (second stage). It was found that providing an increased viscosity (η = 108.6 Pa·s) of experimental glass causes the formation of a developed two-frame drop structure in a short time. This makes it possible to lower the temperature of formation of the crystalline phase nuclei. At the next stage, at a temperature of 990 ºC, the formation of a sitallized submicron high-strength structure of the material is observed. It is characterized by the presence of nano-inhomogeneities, α-cordierite crystals in the form of isometric prisms, and octahedral spinel crystals. These crystalline phases at a temperature of 1050 ºC form a finecrystalline structure of a glass-ceramic material with a crystal size of 0.5÷1.0 μm. The practical significance of the work lies in the development of compositions of high-strength glass-ceramic materials and technological parameters for their production.These materials can be used as a basis for the development of composite protective elements of machinery and equipment