Family Relations in Manushyaputra's Poems

The individual society is bound by the rope of the family. Human relationships begin from the single point of the family. Society is the entire group of families. Basically, the family consists of two relationships, husband and wife. Later on, the blood of the two expands into the system of continuous son and daughter. Moreover, all those who live around in families belong to family relationships. When did the system of the family appear in relationships? Research to find an answer to the question is continuing. The family system must have arisen only after the emergence of human beings. Thus, in the poems of Manushyaputran, the study of this article is only a summary of the pattern of affection in family relations and some of the changes that take place in it

Ethyl 7-oxo-3,5-diphenyl-1,4-diazepane-2-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C20H22N2O3, crystallizes with two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. In both mol­ecules, the diazepane rings adopt chair conformations. The mean planes of the diazepane rings in the two molecules form dihedral angles of 71.6 (4)/40.3 (5) and 75.9 (5)/58.6 (7)° with the neighbouring benzene rings. The carbonyl-group O atoms deviate significantly from the diazepane rings, by 0.685 (14) and 0.498 (13) Å. The eth­oxy­carbonyl groups show conformational difference between two mol­ecules, as reflected in the orientation of the carbonyl O atoms and the C—C—O—C torsion angle of −179.0 (2)° in one mol­ecule and 73.2 (2)° in the other. In one molecule there is a short N—H⋯O contact that generates an S(5) ring motif. In the crystal, N—H⋯O inter­actions generate R 2 2(8) graph-set motifs and C—H⋯O inter­actions generate R 2 2(10) and R 2 2(14) graph-set motifs. C—H⋯π inter­actions also occur

Growth Patterns of Neuropsychological Functions in Indian Children

We investigated age-related differences in neuropsychological performance in 400 Indian school children (5–15 years of age). Functions of motor speed, attention, executive functions, visuospatial functions, comprehension, learning, and memory were examined. Growth curve analysis was performed. Different growth models fitted different cognitive functions. Neuropsychological task performance improved slowly between 5 and 7 years, moderately between 8 and 12 years and slowly between 13 and 15 years of age. The overall growth patterns of neuropsychological functions in Indian children have been discussed with the findings reported on American children. The present work describes non-linear, heterogeneous, and protracted age trends of neuropsychological functions in Indian children and adolescents

Subcortical structural abnormalities in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME): MR volumetry and vertex based analysis

AbstractPurposeImaging studies in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) have shown abnormalities of the thalamus and frontal cortex. The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate the morphological changes in the deep gray matter (GM) structures using techniques of voxel based morphometry (VBM), MR volumetry and shape analysis.MethodologyThe study included 40 patients with JME (M:F=21:19; age 22.8±5.3 years) and 19 matched controls (M:F=13:6; age 24.5±4.2 years). All subjects underwent MRI using standard protocol that included T1-3D TFE (Turbo Field Echo) images with 1mm thickness. VBM analysis and MR volumetry were performed. The volumes of deep subcortical GM structures were extracted and vertex-wise shape analysis was performed using FSL-FIRST (FSL-Integrated Registration and Segmentation Toolbox) software.ResultsVBM analysis with a thalamic mask revealed focal thalamic alterations in the anteromedial aspect of the thalamus (p<0.05, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected) which remained significant after adjusting for age, gender and intracranial volume (ICV). Significant volume loss was noted in both the thalami. Vertex-wise shape analysis showed significant focal surface reductions in the thalami bilaterally in patients that were predominantly seen in the medial as well as lateral aspects of the thalamus (p<0.05, FDR corrected). The disease duration correlated with left hippocampus volume while age of onset correlated with right hippocampus volume.ConclusionsThis study confirms the presence of thalamic alterations in patients with JME. Shape analysis technique provided complementary information and disclosed the presence of focal atrophic changes in patients’ thalami. The striatum and hippocampus did not show any significant alterations

Ethyl 2-(7-oxo-3,5-diphenyl-1,4-diaze­pan-2-yl)acetate

In the title compound, C21H24N2O3, the diazepane ring adopts a chair conformation. The central diazepane ring forms dihedral angles 67.80 (7) and 72.29 (5)° with the two benzene rings. The eth­oxy­carbonyl group is disordered over two conformations with site-occupancy factors of 0.643 (5) and 0.357 (5). In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R 2 2(8) loops

Evaluation of an Antimicrobial L-Amino Acid Oxidase and Peptide Derivatives from Bothropoides mattogrosensis Pitviper Venom

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The prevalence of bacterial resistance to common antibiotics has increased in recent years, highlighting the need to develop novel alternatives for controlling these pathogens. Pitviper venoms are composed of a multifaceted mixture of peptides, proteins and inorganic components. L-amino oxidase (LAO) is a multifunctional enzyme that is able to develop different activities including antibacterial activity. In this study a novel LAO from Bothrops mattogrosensis (BmLAO) was isolated and biochemically characterized. Partial enzyme sequence showed full identity to Bothrops pauloensis LAO. Moreover, LAO here isolated showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, clearly suggesting a secondary protective function. Otherwise, no cytotoxic activities against macrophages and erythrocytes were observed. Finally, some LAO fragments (BmLAO-f1, BmLAO-f2 and BmLAO-f3) were synthesized and further evaluated, also showing enhanced antimicrobial activity. Peptide fragments, which are the key residues involved in antimicrobial activity, were also structurally studied by using theoretical models. The fragments reported here may be promising candidates in the rational design of new antibiotics that could be used to control resistant microorganisms

Strategies of Manushyaputhira's Poems

Even though there are various fields in modern literature, Pudukavithai also holds a special place for itself. Such poems have been creating Pudukavithai starting from Bharathiyar to till the present day poets. A strategy is a method in which the creator of works uses a technique of his own to make his work tasteful and innovative according to his imagination, according to his language skills, different from other works. A technique is a method of creating art, the seal of the creators in creation. It reveals the personality traits of the creators. It is the techniques used by the creator rather than the ideas expressed in the works that make the artwork perfect. Their creativity and strategies play an important role in achieving success. Poets have also used different techniques to convey the ideas of the pudhukavithai to the readers as per the technique that can be used. Manushyaputhiran is one of them. His poems are about the problems of contemporary people. He has used simple techniques to make his poems understandable to the readers. This article depicts the sufferings happening in the society through images, similes, metaphors and myths through poems

Patterns of Illness Behaviors and its Correlates in Patients with Chronic Nonorganic Pain

Background: Illness behaviors if abnormal can have significant influence in presentations of chronic pain. The aim of the study was to derive the patterns of illness behaviors and its correlates in subjects with chronic nonorganic pain. Methods: Illness Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) was administered to 301 adult individuals with chronic nonorganic pain. Factor analysis was performed on the IBQ, and relationships of the dimensions of illness behavior with clinical and demographic variables were computed. Results: Majority of the sample consisted of women (n = 208; 69%) with 43% from rural background and 58% from below poverty line status. Principal axis factoring resulted in four factors, namely health concerns, affective inhibition (AI), bodily distress, and affective distress with psychosocial problems. The three factors excluding AI had significant intercorrelation among them. There was significant difference in mean scores of factors, bodily distress and affective distress in patients from urban and rural background. Conclusions: Illness behaviors in chronic nonorganic pain can be understood as three interrelated factors-health concerns, affective distress with psychosocial problems, and bodily distress. AI might be an independent factor for presentation of chronic nonorganic pain

Quantitative analysis of heart rate variability in patients with absence epilepsy

Background : There are no studies quantifying the nature of autonomic changes in absence epilepsy. Aims : We characterized the heart rate variability (HRV) during pre-interictal epileptiform discharges (IED), IED and post-IED states in absence epilepsy. Material and Methods : Electroencephalogram (EEG) records with generalized 3-Hz spike-wave discharges in 8 patients (M: F: 3 : 5; mean age: 13.0 ± 2.5 years) with absence epilepsy were identified and corresponding electrocardiogram (ECG) time series were obtained. The time domain HRV measures were applied to pre-IED, IED and post-IED simultaneous ECG tracing. Results : There was slight tachycardia during the IED phase (pre-IED: 90.15 ± 3.45 bpm, IED: 94.82 ± 4.63 bpm, P = 0.09) which returned to baseline during the post-IED phase (post-IED: 89.65 ± 3.78 bpm). There was significant decrease in the standard deviation of RR interval (pre-IED: 40.0 ± 4.15 ms, IED: 30.4 ± 4.19 ms, P = 0.032) and trend in reduction of triangular index (pre-IED: 0.05 ± 0.01, IED: 0.04 ± 0.004, P = 0.08) during the IED phase when compared to pre-IED phase. The percentage of RR intervals >50 ms was lower during the IED phase and achieved significance when compared to post-IED phase (IED: 10.08 ± 4.89, post-IED: 18.74 ± 6.17, P = 0.050). While mean HR and RR interval significantly correlated with the duration of IEDs, there was no significant correlation between its duration with change in HRV parameters between the groups. There was no significant difference in HRV parameters between patients with long (>10s) and short (<10s) duration of IED. Conclusions : Transient increase in heart rate during IED phase was noted in patients with absence epilepsy. Longer duration of IED seems to be linked with significant tachycardia. While most HRV parameters did not reach statistical significance, standard deviation of RR intervals and triangular index was noted to be decreased during the IED phase and returns to pre-IED levels after the episode