Comparison of Macular Oedema after Cataract Surgery in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients using OCT

Background: Diabetes is a major cause of blindness in developed and developing world. Cataract is increased in frequency in diabetics and makes an important contribution to diabetic blindness. With OCT various parameters of macula can be obtained which helps in understanding of relationship of macular status before and after cataract surgery.Objectives: This study uses OCT to compare cystoid macular oedema after cataract surgery in diabetic and non diabetic patients.Methods: This prospective, comparative study was conducted on 100 patients during October 2017 to September 2018. Patients were divided into Group I (50 eyes of metabolically controlled diabetic patients) and Group II (50 eyes of non diabetic patients). OCT was used to assess macular oedema in both groups preoperatively and postoperatively at 1st and 3rd month. Results: In Group I, the mean foveal thickness significantly increased by 13% and 8.9% from the baseline at 1 and 3 months respectively (p= 0.001, 0.003). In Group II the mean foveal thickness increased by 10.4% and 7% from the baseline at 1 and 3 months. (p= 0.001, p=0.022). The difference in increase in mean foveal thickness between Group I and Group II was statistically significant at 1 and 3 months (p=0.005, p=0.001) respectively.Conclusion: The results in our study suggest that OCT is effective tool in estimating the post operative macular oedema and should be done if available to get baseline macular status and diagnosis. The preoperative evaluation of macular status in diabetics by OCT is important in determining post operative visual gain. Keywords: macular oedema, optical coherence tomography, diabetes, cataract surger

DYSLIPIDEMIA AMONG SMOKERS

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study is to evaluate lipid profile among cigarette smokers and compare it with non-smokers.Methods: About 125 subjects aged between 20 and 40 years including 100 smokers as case group and 25 non-smokers as control were taken intostudy. They did not having any history of any disease (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, liver diseases, renal diseases, or obesity) or alcohol intake. Theywere not taking any drug such as B-blockers, lipid lowering drugs, or thiazide diuretics.Results: The mean serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very LDL-C (VLDL-C) were significantly raised (p<0.05) inall three groups of mild, moderate, and heavy smokers as compared to non-smokers control while mean serum high--density lipoproteins cholesterol(HDL-C) was significantly lower in all three above said groups.Conclusion: Cigarette/beedi smoking is associated with lower level of god cholesterol, i.e., HDL, and higher level of cholesterol, triglycerides, andserum LDL and VLDL.Keywords: Dyslipidemia, smoker

Inclusion of carbohydrate antigen 242 in addition to carbohydrate antigen 19.9 in serological workup of carcinoma gall bladder: a case series analysis

Background: Common antigenic pool is seen because of shared embryonic origins of gall bladder cancer (GBC) and pancreas. Hence, we analyzed the role of serum carbohydrate antigen 242 (CA242) which has been studied in pancreatic cancer, in GBC. The objectives were to identify whether serum CA242 provides added advantage in diagnosis of GBC when compared to controls and to determine its cut-off value. Methods: Serum CA 19-9 level was determined by chemiluminescent micro particle assay and CA242 by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of age matched cases and controls. Results: Total enrolled patients were 83 including 10 (11.7%) healthy volunteers, 22 (25.9%) chronic cholecystitis cases, and 53 (62.4%) patients with histological evidence of carcinoma. Mean age of presentation of GBC was 51.64 SD10.88 years with F: M ratio of 5.6:1. Pain (90.6%, 48/53) accompanied with jaundice was significantly associated with GBC well reflected by significantly raised serum total bilirubin (p=0.011), direct bilirubin (p=0.008) along with alkaline phosphatase levels (p=0.001). Significantly higher median value of CA 19-9 and CA242 was observed in GBC when compared to CC and healthy volunteers (p<0.001) with a significant correlation between tumor size (>2.5 cm) and serum levels of CA242. The best cut-off limit for CA242 was 45.25 IU/ml. The specificity for carcinoma diagnosis increased to 100% when CA242 was included along with CA 19.9 in serological estimation. Conclusions: We recommend that CA antigen 19-9 may be complimented with CA242 for serological identification of malignancy in the gall bladder

Computational modeling and validation studies of 3-D structure of neuraminidase protein of H1N1 influenza A virus and subsequent in silico elucidation of piceid analogues as its potent inhibitors

Emergence of the drug resistant variants of the Influenza A virus in the recent years has aroused a great need for the development of novel neuraminidase inhibitors for controlling the pandemic. The neuraminidase (NA) protein of the influenza virus has been the most potential target for the anti-influenza. However, in the absence of any experimental structure of the drug targeting NA protein of H1N1 influenza A virus as zanamivir and oseltamivir, the comprehensive study of the interaction of the drug molecules with the target protein has been missing. Hence in this study a computational 3-D structure of neuraminidase of H1N1 influenza A virus has been developed using homology modeling technique, and the same was validated for its reliability by ProSA web server in term of energy profile & Z scores and PROCHECK program followed by Ramachandran plot. Further, the developed 3-D model had been employed for docking studies with the class of compounds as Piceid and its analogs. In this context, two novel compounds (ChemBank ID 2110359 and 3075417) were found to be more potent inhibitors of neuraminidase than control drugs as zanamivir and oseltamivir in terms of their robust binding energies, strong inhibition constant (Ki) and better hydrogen bond interactions between the protein-ligand complex. The interaction of these compounds with NA protein has been significantly studied at the molecular level

Is Sensory Loss an Understudied Risk Factor for Frailty? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

[Abstract] Background. Age-related sensory loss and frailty are common conditions among older adults, but epidemiologic research on their possible links has been inconclusive. Clarifying this relationship is important because sensory loss may be a clinically relevant risk factor for frailty. Methods. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched 3 databases for observational studies investigating 4 sensory impairments—vision (VI), hearing (HI), smell (SI), and taste (TI)—and their relationships with frailty. We meta-analyzed the cross-sectional associations of VI/HI each with pre-frailty and frailty, investigated sources of heterogeneity using meta-regression and subgroup analyses, and assessed publication bias using Egger’s test. Results. We included 17 cross-sectional and 7 longitudinal studies in our review (N = 34,085) from 766 records. Our cross-sectional meta-analyses found that HI and VI were, respectively, associated with 1.5- to 2-fold greater odds of pre-frailty and 2.5- to 3-fold greater odds of frailty. Our results remained largely unchanged after subgroup analyses and meta-regression, though the association between HI and pre-frailty was no longer significant in 2 subgroups which lacked sufficient studies. We did not detect publication bias. Longitudinal studies largely found positive associations between VI/HI and frailty progression from baseline robustness, though they were inconclusive about frailty progression from baseline pre-frailty. Sparse literature and heterogenous methods precluded meta-analyses and conclusions on the SI/TI–frailty relationships. Conclusions. Our meta-analyses demonstrate significant cross-sectional associations between VI/HI with pre-frailty and frailty. Our review also highlights knowledge gaps on the directionality and modifiability of these relationships and the impact of SI/TI and multiple sensory impairments on frailty

Prevalence of Cataract Surgery and Visual Outcomes in Indian Immigrants in Singapore: The Singapore Indian Eye Study

10.1371/journal.pone.0075584PLoS ONE810-POLN

Genomic characterization and epidemiology of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in Delhi, India

Delhi, the national capital of India, experienced multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreaks in 2020 and reached population seropositivity of >50% by 2021. During April 2021, the city became overwhelmed by COVID-19 cases and fatalities, as a new variant, B.1.617.2 (Delta), replaced B.1.1.7 (Alpha). A Bayesian model explains the growth advantage of Delta through a combination of increased transmissibility and reduced sensitivity to immune responses generated against earlier variants (median estimates: 1.5-fold greater transmissibility and 20% reduction in sensitivity). Seropositivity of an employee and family cohort increased from 42% to 87.5% between March and July 2021, with 27% reinfections, as judged by increased antibody concentration after a previous decline. The likely high transmissibility and partial evasion of immunity by the Delta variant contributed to an overwhelming surge in Delhi

Development and use of genic molecular markers (GMMs) for construction of a transcript map of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

A transcript map has been constructed by the development and integration of genic molecular markers (GMMs) including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), genic microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) and intron spanning region (ISR)-based markers, on an inter-specific mapping population of chickpea, the third food legume crop of the world and the first food legume crop of India. For SNP discovery through allele re-sequencing, primer pairs were designed for 688 genes/expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of chickpea and 657 genes/ESTs of closely related species of chickpea. High-quality sequence data obtained for 220 candidate genic regions on 2–20 genotypes representing 9 Cicer species provided 1,893 SNPs with an average frequency of 1/35.83 bp and 0.34 PIC (polymorphism information content) value. On an average 2.9 haplotypes were present in 220 candidate genic regions with an average haplotype diversity of 0.6326. SNP2CAPS analysis of 220 sequence alignments, as mentioned above, provided a total of 192 CAPS candidates. Experimental analysis of these 192 CAPS candidates together with 87 CAPS candidates identified earlier through in silico mining of ESTs provided scorable amplification in 173 (62.01%) cases of which predicted assays were validated in 143 (82.66%) cases (CGMM). Alignments of chickpea unigenes with Medicago truncatula genome were used to develop 121 intron spanning region (CISR) markers of which 87 yielded scorable products. In addition, optimization of 77 EST-derived SSR (ICCeM) markers provided 51 scorable markers. Screening of easily assayable 281 markers including 143 CGMMs, 87 CISRs and 51 ICCeMs on 5 parental genotypes of three mapping populations identified 104 polymorphic markers including 90 markers on the inter-specific mapping population. Sixty-two of these GMMs together with 218 earlier published markers (including 64 GMM loci) and 20 other unpublished markers could be integrated into this genetic map. A genetic map developed here, therefore, has a total of 300 loci including 126 GMM loci and spans 766.56 cM, with an average inter-marker distance of 2.55 cM. In summary, this is the first report on the development of large-scale genic markers including development of easily assayable markers and a transcript map of chickpea. These resources should be useful not only for genome analysis and genetics and breeding applications of chickpea, but also for comparative legume genomics