The Role of Bile in the Regulation of Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion

As early as 1926 Mellanby (1) was able to show that introduction of bile into the duodenum of anesthetized cats produces a copious flow of pancreatic juice. In conscious dogs, Ivy & Lueth (2) reported, bile is only a weak stimulant of pancreatic secretion. Diversion of bile from the duodenum, however, did not influence pancreatic volume secretion stimulated by a meal (3,4). Moreover, Thomas & Crider (5) observed that bile not only failed to stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice but also abolished the pancreatic response to intraduodenally administered peptone or soap

Challenges in QCD matter physics - The Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment at FAIR

Substantial experimental and theoretical efforts worldwide are devoted to explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. At LHC and top RHIC energies, QCD matter is studied at very high temperatures and nearly vanishing net-baryon densities. There is evidence that a Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) was created at experiments at RHIC and LHC. The transition from the QGP back to the hadron gas is found to be a smooth cross over. For larger net-baryon densities and lower temperatures, it is expected that the QCD phase diagram exhibits a rich structure, such as a first-order phase transition between hadronic and partonic matter which terminates in a critical point, or exotic phases like quarkyonic matter. The discovery of these landmarks would be a breakthrough in our understanding of the strong interaction and is therefore in the focus of various high-energy heavy-ion research programs. The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR will play a unique role in the exploration of the QCD phase diagram in the region of high net-baryon densities, because it is designed to run at unprecedented interaction rates. High-rate operation is the key prerequisite for high-precision measurements of multi-differential observables and of rare diagnostic probes which are sensitive to the dense phase of the nuclear fireball. The goal of the CBM experiment at SIS100 (sqrt(s_NN) = 2.7 - 4.9 GeV) is to discover fundamental properties of QCD matter: the phase structure at large baryon-chemical potentials (mu_B > 500 MeV), effects of chiral symmetry, and the equation-of-state at high density as it is expected to occur in the core of neutron stars. In this article, we review the motivation for and the physics programme of CBM, including activities before the start of data taking in 2022, in the context of the worldwide efforts to explore high-density QCD matter.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures. Published in European Physical Journal

Comparisons of Solder Joints Fatigue Life Predictions and Several Long-Term Testing Results

Solder fatigue phenomena on lead-free solder joints have been subject of numerous studies. In most cases, reference was made to test cycling conditions. To address the reliability of solder joints subjected to service conditions, long-term studies have been made using two test setups. The first used a standard industrial board with either SAC 305 or Innolot joints and cycling conditions 22 degrees C/95 degrees C, 6 hours, and the other one a test board with SAC 357 joints and cycling conditions 18 degrees C/80 degrees C, 7.1 hours. Both cyclic conditions have been applied for approximately ten years. The tests have reached solder fatigue failure for the most critical components, which are reported in the paper. Acceleration factors are additionally reported for these components related to test cycling results performed in parallel. Two predictive methodologies were applied to evaluate the acceleration prediction by the testing results: analytical models of Norris/Landzberg type and numerical modeling (FEA). It is shown that the estimates of acceleration factors from published Norris/Landzberg formulas result in a wide span of predictive results. The solder damage prediction based on FEA is finally shown to be on the safe side, but its usefulness also for service conditions is obvious