593 research outputs found

    Towards Retinoid Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease

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    Alzheimer’s disease(AD) is associated with a variety of pathophysiological features, including amyloid plaques, inflammation, immunological changes, cell death and regeneration processes, altered neurotransmission, and age-related changes. Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoids are relevant to all of these. Here we review the pathology, pharmacology, and biochemistry of AD in relation to RARs and retinoids, and we suggest that retinoids are candidate drugs for treatment of AD

    Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-triggered T cells are key modulators for survival/death of neural stem/progenitor cells induced by ischemic stroke

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    Increasing evidences show that immune response affects the reparative mechanisms in injured brain. Recently, we have demonstrated that CD4+T cells serve as negative modulators in neurogenesis after stroke, but the mechanistic detail remains unclear. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor (GITR), a multifaceted regulator of immunity belonging to the TNF receptor superfamily, is expressed on activated CD4+T cells. Herein, we show, by using a murine model of cortical infarction, that GITR triggering on CD4+T cells increases poststroke inflammation and decreases the number of neural stem/progenitor cells induced by ischemia (iNSPCs). CD4+GITR+T cells were preferentially accumulated at the postischemic cortex, and mice treated with GITR-stimulating antibody augmented poststroke inflammatory responses with enhanced apoptosis of iNSPCs. In contrast, blocking the GITR–GITR ligand (GITRL) interaction by GITR–Fc fusion protein abrogated inflammation and suppressed apoptosis of iNSPCs. Moreover, GITR-stimulated T cells caused apoptosis of the iNSPCs, and administration of GITR-stimulated T cells to poststroke severe combined immunodeficient mice significantly reduced iNSPC number compared with that of non-stimulated T cells. These observations indicate that among the CD4+T cells, GITR+CD4+T cells are major deteriorating modulators of poststroke neurogenesis. This suggests that blockade of the GITR–GITRL interaction may be a novel immune-based therapy in stroke

    Nuclear matter effects on J/ψJ/\psi production in asymmetric Cu+Au collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}} = 200 GeV

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    We report on J/ψJ/\psi production from asymmetric Cu+Au heavy-ion collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at both forward (Cu-going direction) and backward (Au-going direction) rapidities. The nuclear modification of J/ψJ/\psi yields in Cu++Au collisions in the Au-going direction is found to be comparable to that in Au++Au collisions when plotted as a function of the number of participating nucleons. In the Cu-going direction, J/ψJ/\psi production shows a stronger suppression. This difference is comparable in magnitude and has the same sign as the difference expected from shadowing effects due to stronger low-xx gluon suppression in the larger Au nucleus. The relative suppression is opposite to that expected from hot nuclear matter dissociation, since a higher energy density is expected in the Au-going direction.Comment: 349 authors, 10 pages, 4 figures, and 4 tables. Submitted to Phys. Rev. C. For v2, fixed LaTeX error in 3rd-to-last sentence. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

    L\'evy-stable two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in sNN=200\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV Au++Au collisions

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    We present a detailed measurement of charged two-pion correlation functions in 0%-30% centrality sNN=200\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV Au++Au collisions by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The data are well described by Bose-Einstein correlation functions stemming from L\'evy-stable source distributions. Using a fine transverse momentum binning, we extract the correlation strength parameter λ\lambda, the L\'evy index of stability α\alpha and the L\'evy length scale parameter RR as a function of average transverse mass of the pair mTm_T. We find that the positively and the negatively charged pion pairs yield consistent results, and their correlation functions are represented, within uncertainties, by the same L\'evy-stable source functions. The λ(mT)\lambda(m_T) measurements indicate a decrease of the strength of the correlations at low mTm_T. The L\'evy length scale parameter R(mT)R(m_T) decreases with increasing mTm_T, following a hydrodynamically predicted type of scaling behavior. The values of the L\'evy index of stability α\alpha are found to be significantly lower than the Gaussian case of α=2\alpha=2, but also significantly larger than the conjectured value that may characterize the critical point of a second-order quark-hadron phase transition.Comment: 448 authors, 25 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables, 2010 data. v2 is version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

    Cross Section and Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetry of η\eta Mesons in p+pp^{\uparrow}+p Collisions at s=200\sqrt{s}=200 GeV at Forward Rapidity

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    We present a measurement of the cross section and transverse single-spin asymmetry (ANA_N) for η\eta mesons at large pseudorapidity from s=200\sqrt{s}=200~GeV p+pp^{\uparrow}+p collisions. The measured cross section for 0.5<pT<5.00.5<p_T<5.0~GeV/cc and 3.0<η<3.83.0<|\eta|<3.8 is well described by a next-to-leading-order perturbative-quantum-chromodynamics calculation. The asymmetries ANA_N have been measured as a function of Feynman-xx (xFx_F) from 0.2<xF<0.70.2<|x_{F}|<0.7, as well as transverse momentum (pTp_T) from 1.0<pT<4.51.0<p_T<4.5~GeV/cc. The asymmetry averaged over positive xFx_F is AN=0.061±0.014\langle{A_{N}}\rangle=0.061{\pm}0.014. The results are consistent with prior transverse single-spin measurements of forward η\eta and π0\pi^{0} mesons at various energies in overlapping xFx_F ranges. Comparison of different particle species can help to determine the origin of the large observed asymmetries in p+pp^{\uparrow}+p collisions.Comment: 484 authors, 13 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables, 2008 data. v2 is version accepted by Phys. Rev. D. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be)publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

    ϕ\phi meson production in dd++Au collisions at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV

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    The PHENIX experiment has measured ϕ\phi meson production in dd++Au collisions at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV using the dimuon and dielectron decay channels. The ϕ\phi meson is measured in the forward (backward) dd-going (Au-going) direction, 1.2<y<2.21.2<y<2.2 (2.2<y<1.2-2.2<y<-1.2) in the transverse-momentum (pTp_T) range from 1--7 GeV/cc, and at midrapidity y<0.35|y|<0.35 in the pTp_T range below 7 GeV/cc. The ϕ\phi meson invariant yields and nuclear-modification factors as a function of pTp_T, rapidity, and centrality are reported. An enhancement of ϕ\phi meson production is observed in the Au-going direction, while suppression is seen in the dd-going direction, and no modification is observed at midrapidity relative to the yield in pp++pp collisions scaled by the number of binary collisions. Similar behavior was previously observed for inclusive charged hadrons and open heavy flavor indicating similar cold-nuclear-matter effects.Comment: 484 authors, 16 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables. v1 is the version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C. Data tables for the points plotted in the figures are given in the paper itsel
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