Glacial geomorphology between the Gran Campo Nevado and Estrecho de Magallanes, Chile (52–53°S, 73°W)

We present the first extensive high-resolution glacial geomorphic map west of the Andean Cordillera in southernmost Chile (52.8–53.1°S, 73.0–73.9°W). The map extends over 1565 km2 and is based on high-resolution satellite images and aerial photographs. At selected locations, the remotely mapped geomorphology was corroborated by field observations. The study area is dominated by glacial erosional landforms (77%) over depositional landforms (23%), with published submarine depositional landforms having been included (e.g. moraines). Glacial drift, kettle kame topography and lateral and frontal moraines form the primary depositional landforms and sediment associations. Glacial cirques, wide U-shaped valleys, whalebacks, roches moutonnées and scoured bedrock characterize most of the mapped area. The spatial distribution of whalebacks and roches moutonnées in the study area indicates a lack of lithological control on their formation and a warm-based, dynamic ice velocity and thickness regime during Patagonian Ice Sheet cover and retreat during the last glacial cycle

Influence of pectinase–assisted extraction time on the antioxidant capacity of Spent Coffee Ground (SCG)

Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) comprises a range of functional components with high antioxidant potential and health benefits. Although SCG has many advantages, antioxidant values obtained using enzymes is still scarce. Several studies reported that the use of enzyme-assisted extraction techniques could improve the detection of antioxidant compounds in samples of by-products. In this study, SCG was extracted using enzymeassisted techniques for different periods (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mins). The total antioxidant capacity was measured using Peroxidase, Catalase, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Superoxide radical scavenging assay (SRSA) and 2,2-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis. 60 mins extraction was found to exhibit antioxidant activity in DPPH, SRSA, Catalase and Peroxidase of 84.18±7.01%, 32.83±6.75%, 76.65±5.52% and 75.01±7.67%, respectively. Besides that, the extraction also gave a high amount of content with 267.17±26.69 mg TAE/mL and 58.30±2.36 mg QE/g in total phenolic content and total flavonoid content respectively. Flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, gallic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin, p-Coumaric acid and myricetin were found to be present in SCG extract. A high amount of catechin was found in all periods of extraction, whereby 60 mins had the highest concentration of 1741.65 mg/L, while 40 mins had the lowest concentration which was 389.85 mg/L. In conclusion, 60 mins extraction using a pectinase-assisted method was the best extraction period. Additionally, the individual flavonoid catechin in SCG showed that it has potential as an antioxidant. Finally, there is a strong correlation between antioxidative activity and both phenolic and flavonoid content

Balancing prescription with teacher and pupil agency : spaces for manoeuvre within a pedagogical model for working with adolescent girls

This paper explores the possibilities of using a pedagogical model for working with adolescent girls in physical education as a means of balancing the challenge of external prescription from outside the school with teacher and pupil agency. We report data from a study involving four schools in Glasgow. We note that the national curriculum for Scotland, Curriculum for Excellence, is a broad and bold type that provides teachers with ‘spaces for manoeuvre’ in order to shape local curricula that best meet the needs and interests of girls. This is particularly the case in physical education, which in the Basic General Education phase for 12-15 years olds there is no well-established assessment regime. We identify four spaces for manoeuvre for teachers and pupils within an activist model: new forms of communication based on authorising pupil voice; offering choices and opening up learning possibilities; the co-construction of a safe class environment; and opportunities to rethink traditional structures based on the multi-activity curriculum form. We conclude that an activist pedagogical model provided teachers and pupils with spaces to explore alternative practices to traditional forms of physical education

EMMA—mouse mutant resources for the international scientific community

The laboratory mouse is the premier animal model for studying human disease and thousands of mutants have been identified or produced, most recently through gene-specific mutagenesis approaches. High throughput strategies by the International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) are producing mutants for all protein coding genes. Generating a knock-out line involves huge monetary and time costs so capture of both the data describing each mutant alongside archiving of the line for distribution to future researchers is critical. The European Mouse Mutant Archive (EMMA) is a leading international network infrastructure for archiving and worldwide provision of mouse mutant strains. It operates in collaboration with the other members of the Federation of International Mouse Resources (FIMRe), EMMA being the European component. Additionally EMMA is one of four repositories involved in the IKMC, and therefore the current figure of 1700 archived lines will rise markedly. The EMMA database gathers and curates extensive data on each line and presents it through a user-friendly website. A BioMart interface allows advanced searching including integrated querying with other resources e.g. Ensembl. Other resources are able to display EMMA data by accessing our Distributed Annotation System server. EMMA database access is publicly available at http://www.emmanet.org

Luminescence Dating in Fluvial Settings: Overcoming the Challenge of Partial Bleaching

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is a versatile technique that utilises the two most ubiquitous minerals on Earth (quartz or K-feldspar) for constraining the timing of sediment deposition. It has provided accurate ages in agreement with independent age control in many fluvial settings, but is often characterised by partial bleaching of individual grains. Partial bleaching can occur where sunlight exposure is limited and so only a portion of the grains in the sample was exposed to sunlight prior to burial, especially in sediment-laden, turbulent or deep water columns. OSL analysis on multiple grains can provide accurate ages for partially bleached sediments where the OSL signal intensity is dominated by a single brighter grain, but will overestimate the age where the OSL signal intensity is equally as bright (often typical of K-feldspar) or as dim (sometimes typical of quartz). In such settings, it is important to identify partial bleaching and the minimum dose population, preferably by analysing single grains, and applying the appropriate statistical age model to the dose population obtained for each sample. To determine accurate OSL ages using these age models, it is important to quantify the amount of scatter (or overdispersion) in the well-bleached part of the partially bleached dose distribution, which can vary between sediment samples depending upon the bedrock sources and transport histories of grains. Here, we discuss how the effects of partial bleaching can be easily identified and overcome to determine accurate ages. This discussion will therefore focus entirely on the burial dose determination for OSL dating, rather than the dose-rate, as only the burial doses are impacted by the effects of partial bleaching