24,902 research outputs found
Unsolvability Cores in Classification Problems
Classification problems have been introduced by M. Ziegler as a
generalization of promise problems. In this paper we are concerned with
solvability and unsolvability questions with respect to a given set or language
family, especially with cores of unsolvability. We generalize the results about
unsolvability cores in promise problems to classification problems. Our main
results are a characterization of unsolvability cores via cohesiveness and
existence theorems for such cores in unsolvable classification problems. In
contrast to promise problems we have to strengthen the conditions to assert the
existence of such cores. In general unsolvable classification problems with
more than two components exist, which possess no cores, even if the set family
under consideration satisfies the assumptions which are necessary to prove the
existence of cores in unsolvable promise problems. But, if one of the
components is fixed we can use the results on unsolvability cores in promise
problems, to assert the existence of such cores in general. In this case we
speak of conditional classification problems and conditional cores. The
existence of conditional cores can be related to complexity cores. Using this
connection we can prove for language families, that conditional cores with
recursive components exist, provided that this family admits an uniform
solution for the word problem
Three Dimensional Distorted Black Holes: Initial Data and Evolution
We present a new class of 3D black hole initial data sets for numerical
relativity. These data sets go beyond the axisymmetric, ``gravity wave plus
rotating black hole'' single black hole data sets by creating a dynamic,
distorted hole with adjustable distortion parameters in 3D. These data sets
extend our existing test beds for 3D numerical relativity, representing the
late stages of binary black hole collisions resulting from on-axis collision or
3D spiralling coalescence, and should provide insight into the physics of such
systems. We describe the construction of these sets, the properties for a
number of example cases, and report on progress evolving them.Comment: 3 pages, 2 postscript figures, LaTeX, uses mprocl.sty (available at
http://shemesh.fiz.huji.ac.il/MG8/submission.html) To appear in the
proceedings of the Marcel Grossmann 8 (Jerusalem, 1997
Frontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) abolishes list-method directed forgetting
It is a point of controversy as to whether directed forgetting effects are a result of active inhibition or a change of context initiated by the instruction to forget. In this study we test the causal role of active inhibition in directed forgetting. By applying cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right prefrontal cortex we suppressed cortical activity commonly associated with inhibitory control. Participants who underwent real brain stimulation before completing the directed forgetting paradigm showed no directed forgetting effects. Conversely, those who underwent sham brain stimulation demonstrated classical directed forgetting effects. We argue that these findings suggest that inhibition is the primary mechanism that results in directed forgetting costs and benefits
A powerful and highly variable off-nuclear X-ray source in the composite starburst/Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 4945
We report on a powerful and variable off-nuclear X-ray source in the nearby
spiral galaxy NGC 4945. Two ROSAT PSPC observations show the source to brighten
in 0.5--2.0 keV flux by a factor of about 9 on a time-scale of 11 months or
less. It is seen by ASCA about one month after the second PSPC pointing, and is
seen to have dimmed by a factor of > 7 in a ROSAT HRI pointing about one year
after the second PSPC pointing. Its maximum observed 0.8--2.5 keV luminosity is
about 8E38 erg/s, making it brighter than any known persistent X-ray binary in
the Milky Way. Its total X-ray luminosity is probably larger than 1.2E39 erg/s.
The observed variability argues against a superbubble interpretation, and the
off-nuclear position argues against a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus.
The source is therefore probably either an ultra-powerful X-ray binary or an
ultra-powerful supernova remnant. Optical monitoring has not identified any
supernovae in NGC 4945 during the time of the X-ray observations, and any
supernova would have had to have been either very highly absorbed or
intrinsically optically faint.Comment: 5 pages, uuencoded compressed tar file, MNRAS in pres
X-ray absorption in the strong FeII narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 507
We present results from spectral analysis of ASCA data on the NLS1 Mrk 507.
This galaxy was found to have an exceptionally flat ROSAT spectrum among the
NLS1s. The ASCA spectrum however shows a clear absorption feature in the energy
band below 2 keV, which partly accounts for the flat spectrum observed with the
ROSAT PSPC. The absorption is mainly due to cold gas with a column density of
(2-3)E21 cm-2. A reanalysis of the PSPC data indicates that the absorber is
slightly ionized, covers only part of the central source, or there is extra
soft thermal emission from an extended region. There is also evidence that the
X-ray absorption is complex; an edge feature marginally detected at 0.84 keV
suggests the presence of an additional high ionization absorber which imposes a
strong OVIII edge on the spectrum. After correction for the absorption, the
photon index of the intrinsic continuum, 1.8, obtained from the ASCA data is
quite similar to that of ordinary Seyfert 1 galaxies. Mrk 507 still has one of
the flattest continuum slopes among NLS1, but is no longer exceptional. The
strong optical FeII emission remains unusual in the light of the correlation
between FeII strengths and steepness of soft X-ray slope.Comment: 6 pages, 3 Postscript figures, to be published in MNRA
The effect of short term feeding with organic and conventional diets on selected immune parameters in rat
There is currently no evidence for beneficial health impacts being associated with the consumption of organic rather than conventional foods. This preliminary study was therefore aimed at using haematological parameters, white blood cell (WBC) number and splenocyte proliferation as sensitive assays to evaluate influence of the organic, low input and conventional components in the diet on rats’ immune system function. The results of a short term feeding trial with two rat generations indicates a potential effect on immune system function, which has to be confirmed by longer-term exposure studies
ROSAT PSPC and Hri Observations of the Composite Starburst/Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 1672
The nearby barred spiral galaxy NGC 1672 is thought to have a weak Seyfert
nucleus in addition to its strong starburst activity. Observations with the
PSPC and HRI instruments on board the ROSAT X-ray satellite show that three
X-ray sources with luminosities (1--2)\times 10^{40} erg/s are clearly
identified with NGC 1672. The strongest X-ray source lies at the nucleus, and
the other two lie near the ends of the prominent bar, locations that are also
bright in H-alpha and near-infrared images. The nuclear source is resolved by
the HRI on about the scale of the recently identified nuclear ring, and one of
the sources at the ends of the bar is also probably resolved. The X-ray
spectrum of the nuclear source is quite soft, having a Raymond--Smith plasma
temperature of about 0.7 keV and little evidence for intrinsic absorption. The
ROSAT band X-ray flux of the nuclear source appears to be dominated not by
X-ray binary emission but rather by diffuse gas emission. While the properties
of the nuclear source are generally supportive of a superbubble interpretation,
its large density and emission measure stretch the limits that can be
comfortably accommodated by such models. We do not detect direct emission from
the putative Seyfert nucleus, although an alternative model for the nuclear
source is thermal emission from gas that is photoionized by a hidden Seyfert
nucleus. The spectra of the other two X-ray sources are harder than that of the
nuclear source, and superbubble models for them have the same strengths and
weaknesses.Comment: 11 pages, uuencoded compressed postscript, MNRAS in pres
Etching of High Purity Zinc
A method of etching high purity zinc to reveal various etch figures on {101ÂŻ0} planes is presented in this
paper. Etch figures are formed by polishing in a dichromic acid solution after the introduction of mercury
to the crystal surface. No measurable aging time is required to form etch figures at newly formed dislocation
sites when mercury is on the surface prior to deformation. The mercury concentrates at the sites
where etch figures form and may be removed by vacuum distillation and chemical polishing before it appreciably
affects the purity of the bulk of the crystal
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