Real-Time Fatigue Analysis of Driver through Iris Recognition

In recent days, the driver’s fault accounted for about 77.5% of the total road accidents that are happening every day. There are several methods for the driver’s fatigue detection. These are based on the movement of the eye ball using eye blinking sensor, heart beat measurement using Electro Cardio Gram, mental status analysis using ElectroEncephaloGram, muscle cramping detection, etc. However the above said methods are more complicated and create inconvenience for the driver to drive the vehicle. Also, these methods are less accurate. In this work, an accurate method is adopted to detect the driver’s fatigue based on status of the eyes using Iris recognition and the results shows that the proposed method is more accurate (about 80%) compared to the existing methods such as Eye blink Sensor method

2DOF PID Controller Design for a Class of FOPTD Models–An Analysis with Heuristic Algorithms

AbstractIn recent years, a number of controller design procedures are developed and implemented in process industries to enhance the performance of closed loop processes. In this paper, heuristic algorithm based Two Degrees Of Freedom (2DOF) PID controller design is proposed for a class of First Order Plus Time Delay (FOPTD) systems existing in the literature. Minimization of the weighted sum of multiple objective functions is considered to monitor the heuristic search towards the optimal controller parameters. A detailed comparative analysis between well known heuristic methods, such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO), Cuckoo Search (CS) and Firefly Algorithm (FA) are presented. The popular 2DOF PID structures, such as Feed Back Structure (FBS) and Feed Forward Structure (FFS) are considered in this work to enhance the performance of FOPTD systems. From the results, it is noted that, proposed controller provides enhanced results for the reference tracking and disturbance rejection operations

Mechanisms of partial plant resistance to diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) in brassicas

Artificial diet studies were used to differentiate among physical and chemical mechanisms affecting the suitability to diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.), of 16 food substrates obtained by growing four different brassicas in the glasshouse or field and measuring the pest's performance on either leaf discs or a diet incorporating leaf powders. Leaves of Chinese cabbage and the cabbage cultivar 'Minicole' were, respectively, the most and least suitable leaves for the insect, but this ranking was reversed on artificial diet. Leaves of glasshouse-grown plants were more suitable than those of plants grown in the fields. Differences in the suitability of leaves to diamondback moth appeared to be largely determined by leaf toughness and surface wax load. Concentrations of individual glucosinolates in the brassicas probably acted as phagostimulants, so increasing their intrinsic susceptibility to diamondback moth, but the effect of the physical factors appeared more important

Ecobiology and behavioural aspects of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) infesting cotton

The ecobiology of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) infesting cotton (cv. NHH 44) was studied at fluctuating ambient temperatures and also on artificial diet. No significant differences were observed in life-cycle. However, the influence of declining temperature was evident in extending the life-cycle period. This was supplemented with an increse in the duration of life-cycle, vit, 38.95,42.01 and 42.68 days during Oct-Nov, Nov-Dec and Dec-Jan, respectively. The lawa passed through 5 stadia and showed geometric increase in the width of the head capsule at each moult. The moths fed with honey produced an average of 129 eggs as compared to 20.6 eggs when raised on water alone. There was a significant increase in the pupal weight when reared on artificial diet than on cotton bolls for two consequent generations. Sex ratio of the moths reared on artificial diet was in consonance (60.3:29.7 and 53.3:46.7) with those reared on cotton bolls (50.8:49.2). The artificial diet proved to be suitable in rearing pink bollworm across two generations without affecting its fecundity. Among the different foods offered, significantly higher adult longevity was recorded on honey, followed by sugar syrup, fresh cotton flowers, water alone, and without food and wate

A New Approach to Automatic Generation of all Quadrilateral Finite Element Mesh for Planar Multiply Connected Regions

A new approach for the automatic generation and refinement of finite element meshes over multiply connected planar regions has been developed. This paper represents continuation of authors research activities in that area. An algorithm for producing a triangular mesh in a convex polygon is presented in authors recent work. It is used for the finite element triangulation of a complex polygonal region of the plane decomposed into convex polygons. We decompose the convex polygonal regions into simple sub regions in the shape of triangles. These simple regions are then triangulated to generate a fine mesh of triangular elements. We then propose an automatic triangular to quadrilateral conversion scheme.In this scheme, each isolated triangle is split into three quadrilaterals according to the usual scheme, adding three vertices in the middle of the edges and a vertex a the barycentre of the element. To preserve the mesh conformity, a similar procedure is also applied to every triangle of the domain to fully discretize the given complex polygonal domain into all quadrilaterals, thus propagating uniform refinement. This simple method generates a mesh whose elements confirm well to the requested shape by refining the problem domain. We have modified these algorithms and demonstrated their use by generating high quality meshes for some typical multiply connected regions: square domains with regular polygonal holes inside and vice versa. We have also made improvements and modifications to to the above triangulation algorithm of the triangle which can now triangulate a trapezium cut out of a triangle. This new algorithm on the triangulation of a trapezium cut out of a triangle is applied to quadrangulate the planar regions in the shape of a circular annulus and square domain with a square hole inside. We have appended MATLAB programs which incorporate the mesh generation schemes developed in this paper. These programs provide valuable output on the nodal coordinates, element connectivity and graphic display of the all quadrilateral mesh for application to finite element analysi

A New Approach to an all Quadrilateral Mesh Generation over Arbitrary Linear Polygonal Domains for Finite Element Analysis

This paper describes a scheme for finite element mesh generation of a convex, non-convex polygon and multiply connected linear polygon. We first decompose the arbitrary linear polygon into simple sub regions in the shape of polygons.These subregions may be simple convex polygons or cracked polygons.We can divide a nonconvex polygon into convex polygons and cracked polygons We then decompose these polygons into simple sub regions in the shape of triangles. These simple regions are then triangulated to generate a fine mesh of triangular elements. We propose then an automatic triangular to quadrilateral conversion scheme. Each isolated triangle is split into three quadrilaterals according to the usual scheme, adding three vertices in the middle of the edges and a vertex at the barrycentre of the element. To preserve the mesh conformity a similar procedure is also applied to every triangle o f the domain to fully discretize the given convex polygonal domain into all quadrilaterals, thus propagating uniform refinement. This simple method generates a high quality mesh whose elements confirm well to the requested shape by refining the problem domain. The proposed scheme has been realized as computer programs and a number of examples have been included to demonstrate the technique. Although the paper describes the scheme as applied to planar domains, it could be extended to three dimensions as well

Flowering events in sorghum in relation to expression of resistance to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola

Sorghum midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola Coquillett) is an important pest of grain sorghum, and host plant resistance is one of the most effective means of controlling this pest. Several studies have shown that resistance to sorghum midge is associated with short and tight glumes, faster rate of grain development, and tannins. However, some recent studies suggested that time of flowering is the principal component of resistance to sorghum midge. Therefore, we conducted a series of experiments under laboratory and field conditions on the flowering behaviour of a diverse array of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible genotypes to quantify the contribution of time of flowering in genotypic resistance to sorghum midge. Time of flowering under field and laboratory conditions did not show any differences between midge-resistant and midge-susceptible genotypes. Time to maximum flowering varied considerably between the rainy and the post-rainy seasons. Under field conditions, most of the spikelets in the midge-resistant lines opened between 0000 and 0400 h, while most of the spikelets in the susceptible check, CSH 1, opened at 0200 h. Under light and dark conditions in the laboratory, most of the spikelets opened at 0300 h in all genotypes, irrespective of their level of resistance to the sorghum midge. However, flowering events continued for a longer period under dark conditions outside the laboratory. There were no differences in oviposition in panicles on the midge-resistant genotype, ICSV 745, infested between 0200 and 0600 h, and significantly more eggs were laid in spikelets of the susceptible check, CSH 1, than in the midge-resistant, ICSV 745, at all infestation times. The peak oviposition was recorded at 0945 h irrespective of the level of resistance to sorghum midge, and significantly more eggs were laid in the spikelets of CSH 1 and Swarna than in ICSV 745 and ICSV 197. There was no evidence of change in the susceptibility of sorghum midge-resistant genotypes when infested at different times in relation to time of flowering. Therefore, flowering behaviour of sorghum genotypes seems to play little role in genotypic susceptibility to sorghum midge

Optimal Spectrum Sensor Assignment in Multi-channel Multi-user Cognitive Radio Networks, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2018, nr 4

Accurate detection of spectrum holes is the most important and critical task in any cognitive radio (CR) communication system. When a single spectrum sensor is assigned to detect a specific primary channel, then the detection may be unreliable because of noise, random multipath fading and shadowing. Also, even when the primary channel is invisible at the CR transmitter, it may be visible at the CR receiver (the hidden primary channel problem). With a single sensor per channel, a high and consistently uniform level of sensitivity is required for reliable detection. These problems are solved by deploying multiple heterogeneous sensors at distributed locations. The proposed spectrum hole detection method uses cooperative sensing, where the challenge is to properly assign sensors to different primary channels in order to achieve the best reliability, a minimum error rate and high efficiency. Existing methods use particle swarm optimization, the ant colony system, the binary firefly algorithm, genetic algorithms and non-linear mixed integer programming. These methods are complex and require substantial pre-processing. The aim of this paper is to provide a simpler solution by using simpler binary integer programming for optimal assignment. Optimal assignment minimizes the probability of interference which is a non-linear function of decision variables. We present an approach used to linearize the objective function. Since multiple spectrum sensors are used, the optimal constrained assignment minimizes the maximum of interferences. While performing the optimization, the proposed method also takes care of the topological layout concerned with channel accessibility. The proposed algorithm is easily scalable and flexible enough to adapt to different practical scenarios

Prospective chemisorption of fluoride utilizing coastal molluscan (Crassostrea Sp.) shell from phosphatic fertilizer pond wastewater, Paradeep, Odisha

496-502The present study explores the utilization of very acidic (pH 1.46) and high fluoride (F-) containing (9290 ppm) phosphatic fertilizer industry (Paradeep, Odisha, India) pond wastewater (PW) generated from phosphogypsum (PG) stacks by using Crassostrea Sp. molluscan shell (MS) as an adsorbent. F- chemisorption batch experiments on molluscan shells (MS) powder (212 - 500 micron) varying 6 different MS (Solid-S) to PW (Liquid-L) i.e. S/L ratios (1: 8 to 1: 30), time (0.08 to 48 hours) and fluoride concentration (4645 – 8361 ppm) as diluted PW. Chemisorption of F- peaked with 1: 20 S/L ratio at 24 hrs and its concentration in the supernatant reduced by 99.9 %. XRF, FTIR and XRD analysis of MS and its chemisorbed residues confirmes the role of relatively high calcium containing MS (72 % CaO) towards formation of Fluorapatite (FA) [Ca5(PO4)3F]. Desorption experiments of FA residue for 24 hrs, highlights the stability of F- chemisorption process on MS, which is confirmed by presence of FA in desorbed residue through XRD analysis. The research findings establish prospects of F- recovery from PW through chemisorption process utilizing selected MS

Free radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of (E)-methyl/ethyl-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acrylates

(E)-Methyl/ethyl-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acrylates 3a-x have been prepared by the reaction of salicylaldehydes 1a-l with Wittig reagents such as methyl (triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate 2a and ethyl (triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate 2b in dry DCM at room temperature. All the synthesized compounds have been evaluated for free-radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Compounds 3c and 3d display DPPH free radical scavenging activity. All the compounds have shown ABTS free radical scavenging activity except four compounds 3s-t and 3w-x. Compounds 3g, 3p and 3r display α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.