Changes in the alkaloid, alpha-galactoside and protein fractions content during germination of different lupin species

The objective of our studies were seeds of two lupin species Lupinus luteus L. and Lupinus angustifolius L. cvs. Lord and Graf respectively. Lupin seeds were germinated at 15 and 24°C and during two, three and four days. In the lupin sprouts antinutritional factors: alkaloids and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and five nitrogen fractions: non protein (Nnp), albumin (A), globulin (G), glutelin and prolamin (Gt+P) and nitrogen residue fraction (Nr) were determined. The level of these compounds was compared with the proper ones of initial material (not germinated seeds). These studies showed that the germination process clearly affects the decrease of antinutritional factors: RFOs and alkaloids. The decrease level of these compounds depended on such factors like, lupin species and used germination conditions. It was found on the base of nitrogen analysis of particular protein fractions that the germination process of lupin seeds causes deep quantitative and qualitative changes in fractional composition of lupin proteins. It especially concerns the decrease of globulin and residual fraction content and distinct increase of Nnp fraction. The changes in other fractions were not so unequivocal in comparison with the mentioned above and depended on lupin species, temperature and time of germination. Qualitative changes of A, G and Gt+P fractions caused by germination were confirmed by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The amino acid analysis of seeds and sprouts of Nnp fractions showed an increased content of Asp, Ser, Ala, Pronon essential amino acids (NEAA), and Val, Met, iLeu, Leu, Thressential amino acids (EAA). Simultaneously a decrease of Glu, Arg (NEAA), Phe, Lis, Cys (EAA) contents was observed. Generally the germination process causes the decrease of total NEAA and an increase of total EAA in Nnp fractions of both lupin species

Relación entre diferentes formas de nitrógeno y el desarrollo y rendimiento de Lupinus albus L. originario de diferentes países

This paper discusses the influence of form of nitrogen (N) used as fertilizer, such as N2, NH4+, NO3-, (NH4+ + NO3-) and -NH2, on the development and yield and the protein content and yield of low-alkaloid cultivars of Lupinus albus L. from Poland, Spain, and Chile. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse and plants were grown in perlite. The different forms of N used significantly influenced lupin development and yield. Plants only developed normally in treatments where N was delivered in the molecular form N2 or as (NH4+ + NO3-). For the other forms of N anomalies like necrosis, chlorosis, and small leaves were present. In contrast to cv. Butan, the N used as NH4+ disturbed flowering in cvs. Multolupa and Marta, which produced no seed. Moreover, N form also influenced protein seed protein content and yield.El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la influencia de diferentes formas de nitrógeno (N2, NH4+, NO3-, (NH4+ + NO3-) y -NH2), utilizadas como fertilizante, sobre el desarrollo, el rendimiento vegetativo y el contenido y rendimiento proteico de diferentes variedades dulces de Lupinus albus L. originarias de Polonia, España y Chile. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo en invernadero, utilizando perlita como sustrato. Las plantas se desarrollaron adecuadamente sólo cuando el aporte de nitrógeno fue en forma de N2 o como (NH4+ + NO3-). Cuando se utilizaron las otras formas de nitrógeno se observaron anomalías como necrosis, clorosis u hojas de tamaño reducido. En contraste con el cultivar Butan, cuando se utilizó NH4+, los cultivares Multolupa y Marta presentaron alteraciones en la floración, que dieron lugar a una carencia de semillas. Además, la forma del nitrógeno utilizada tuvo una importancia crucial en el contenido proteico de las semillas, así como en el rendimiento proteico

Efectos del regadío de primavera, del manejo del suelo y de la fertilización nitrogenada sobre la vitalidad de las semillas y el contenido de azúcares en Vicia faba

In this study the influence of sprinkler irrigation, various soil cultivation systems (conventional, reduced tillage, zero tillage system) and the level (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N/ha) of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the vitality and content of selected sugars in faba bean seeds (Vicia faba L.) of the cultivar Nadwis´lan´ski was examined. Sprinkler irrigation of faba bean improved seed energy and germination in all three years of the study (1999-2001) -on average germination energy by 8.8% and total germination by 3.2%-. Germination of faba bean seed under conventional tillage in the drier years was significantly higher than in the zero tillage system. In the wetter year, seed from both simplified systems produced seeds with higher germination than in traditional conventional tillage. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer affected germination energy, but had no effect on faba bean germination. Sprinkler irrigation and N fertilization had no effect on the content of the sugars studied in the faba bean seed. However, the stachyose content of faba bean seeds from conventional tilled plants was significantly higher than in seed of zero tilled plants (0.78 mg/g seed dm), and the galactose content of seed from zero tilled plants was significantly higher than in the other two cultivation systems - 0.34 and 0.28 mg/g seed dm in seeds from conventional and reduced tillage system, respectively.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos del riego por aspersión bajo diferentes sistemas de laboreo (tradicional, reducido o no laboreo) y con diferentes dosis (0, 30, 60 y 90 kg N/ha) de fertilización de nitrógeno, sobre la vitalidad y el contenido de azúcares en semillas de haba cv. Nadwislanski. Se observó que en los tres años del estudio (1999-2001) el riego mejoró la energía y capacidad de germinación de las semillas -de media la energía de la germinación un 8,8% y la germinación total un 3,2%-. La capacidad de germinación de las semillas de habas bajo laboreo tradicional en los años más secos fue significativamente mayor que sin laboreo. En el año más húmedo, las habas bajo laboreo reducido produjeron semillas con mayor capacidad de germinación que bajo laboreo tradicional. La fertilización nitrogenada produjo diferencias en la energía de la germinación pero no tuvo efecto sobre la capacidad de germinación. El riego y la fertilización de N no tuvieron efecto sobre el contenido de los azúcares estudiados en las semillas. Sin embargo, bajo laboreo tradicional, el contenido de estaquiosa en semillas fue significativamente más alto que sin laboreo (0,78 mg/g semillas dm), y el contenido de galactosa en semillas sin laboreo fue significativamente más alto que en los otros dos sistemas de laboreo (0,34 y 0,28 mg/g semillas dm en semillas cultivadas bajo laboreo tradicional y reducido, respectivamente)

Possibilities of composts using in biological plant protection

W artykule przedstawiono mechanizmy odpowiedzialne za biologiczną aktywność kompostów oraz praktyczną możliwość ich wykorzystania w ochronie roślin. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na komposty przygotowywane ze słomy łubinów gorzkich i ekstraktów łubinowych, które charakteryzują się silnym oddziaływaniem fungistatycznym w stosunku do grzybowych fitopatogenów. Ich zastosowanie w ochronie roślin może stanowić potencjalną alternatywą dla pestycydów, które mają szkodliwy wpływ na środowisko naturalne.This paper presents the mechanisms influencing biological activity of composts and practical possibility of using composts in plant protection. The essential attention was paid to composts prepared from bitter lupine straw and lupine extract characterized by strong fungistatic activity against plant pathogenic fungi. Employing antifungal properties of these composts could be a potential alternative for the use of chemical pesticides, which have harmful influence on natural environment

The effect of irrigation, soil cultivation system and nitrogen fertilizer on the vitality and content of selected sugars in "Vicia faba" seed

In this study the influence of sprinkler irrigation, various soil cultivation systems (conventional, reduced tillage, zero tillage system) and the level (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N ha�1) of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the vitality and content of selected sugars in faba bean seeds (Vicia faba L.) of the cultivar Nadwis´lan´ski was examined. Sprinkler irrigation of faba bean improved seed energy and germination in all three years of the study (1999-2001) �on average germination energy by 8.8% and total germination by 3.2%�. Germination of faba bean seed under conventional tillage in the drier years was significantly higher than in the zero tillage system. In the wetter year, seed from both simplified systems produced seeds with higher germination than in traditional conventional tillage. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer affected germination energy, but had no effect on faba bean germination. Sprinkler irrigation and N fertilization had no effect on the content of the sugars studied in the faba bean seed. However, the stachyose content of faba bean seeds from conventional tilled plants was significantly higher than in seed of zero tilled plants (0.78 mg g�1 seed dm), and the galactose content of seed from zero tilled plants was significantly higher than in the other two cultivation systems � 0.34 and 0.28 mg g�1 seed dm in seeds from conventional and reduced tillage system, respectively. Additional key words: agronomic treatment, faba bean seeds, RFOs sugars.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos del riego por aspersión bajo diferentes sistemas de laboreo (tradicional, reducido o no laboreo) y con diferentes dosis (0, 30, 60 y 90 kg N ha�1) de fertilización de nitrógeno, sobre la vitalidad y el contenido de azúcares en semillas de haba cv. Nadwislanski. Se observó que en los tres años del estudio (1999-2001) el riego mejoró la energía y capacidad de germinación de las semillas �de media la energía de la germinación un 8,8% y la germinación total un 3,2%�. La capacidad de germinación de las semillas de habas bajo laboreo tradicional en los años más secos fue significativamente mayor que sin laboreo. En el año más húmedo, las habas bajo laboreo reducido produjeron semillas con mayor capacidad de germinación que bajo laboreo tradicional. La fertilización nitrogenada produjo diferencias en la energía de la germinación pero no tuvo efecto sobre la capacidad de germinación. El riego y la fertilización de N no tuvieron efecto sobre el contenido de los azúcares estudiados en las semillas. Sin embargo, bajo laboreo tradicional, el contenido de estaquiosa en semillas fue significativamente más alto que sin laboreo (0,78 mg g�1 semillas dm), y el contenido de galactosa en semillas sin laboreo fue significativamente más alto que en los otros dos sistemas de laboreo (0,34 y 0,28 mg g�1 semillas dm en semillas cultivadas bajo laboreo tradicional y reducido, respectivamente). Palabras clave adicionales: azúcares, OFR, semillas de habas, tratamientos agronómicos

Cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides in Mexican wild lupin seeds

Ten to 16 ethanol-soluble carbohydrate components were identified in the seeds of six Mexican wild lupins. The analysed carbohydrates included: monosaccharides, disaccharides, cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides. Stachyose and sucrose were the main carbohydrate component in the Lupinus montanus, L. rotundiflorus, L. exaltatus, L. mexicanus and L. elegans seeds. Only trace quantities of verbascose were detected in Lupinus mexicanus seeds. The analysed seeds accumulated 38 to 78 mg/g d.m. carbohydrates. The raffinose family oligosaccharides constituted 41 to 85.2% of the identified carbohydrate component pool. The analysed Lupinus seeds contained 3 to 8 unidentified carbohydrate components

Structural and ultrastructural study of Capsicum annuum leaves after treatment with Uncaria tomentosa bark extracts

The influence of an Uncaria tomentosa extract on the development of Capsicum plants grown in green-house conditions was examined. The effect of the treatment was investigated with microscopic techniques (light and electron microscope) in leaves from three levels of control plants and plants after treatment with the extract added to the soil in doses of 0.4 and 16 mg/ml (200 ml per pot/plant). In control leaves, changes typical of the subsequent phases of normal development were observed: nuclear chromatin became slightly condensed, plastoglobuli of chloroplasts increased in number and size, intragranal thylakoids were somewhat dilatated. In addition to such commonly occurring changes, some symptoms typical of pepper were observed in the ontogenesis of the examined plant: an increased number of spherical electron-dense deposits in vacuoles, an increased number of peroxisomes, the occurrence of numerous paracrystalline structures in chloroplasts of mature leaves, and, starting in mature leaves, expulsion of plastoglobuli from chloroplasts. After the treatment, most of those changes, leading to ageing, occurred much earlier and were more distinct. Chloroplasts, already in the youngest examined leaves, showed dilatation of intergranal thylakoids, which intensified with aging of the leaves and degradation of grana in the oldest leaves. Starch grains decreased in size and number and plastoglobuli became large. Vesiculation of ground cytoplasm in all leaves was stronger than in the control. No paracrystalline structures in chloroplasts or expulsion of plastoglobuli were observed. Another unusual phenomenon was the disappearance of spherical electron-dense deposits in the central vacuoles of cells. Those observations suggested that U. tomentosa extract enhanced the natural ontogenesis of Capsicum annuum leaves, by accelerating and enhancing the typical characteristics of ageing, and, additionally, it changed the structure and physiology of cells

Cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides in Mexican wild lupin seeds

Ten to 16 ethanol-soluble carbohydrate components were identified in the seeds of six Mexican wild lupins. The analysed carbohydrates included: monosaccharides, disaccharides, cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides. Stachyose and sucrose were the main carbohydrate component in the Lupinus montanus, L. rotundiflorus, L. exaltatus, L. mexicanus and L. elegans seeds. Only trace quantities of verbascose were detected in Lupinus mexicanus seeds. The analysed seeds accumulated 38 to 78 mg/g d.m. carbohydrates. The raffinose family oligosaccharides constituted 41 to 85.2% of the identified carbohydrate component pool. The analysed Lupinus seeds contained 3 to 8 unidentified carbohydrate components