657 research outputs found
Time dependent spectral modeling of Markarian 421 during a violent outburst in 2010
We present the results of extensive modeling of the spectral energy
distributions (SEDs) of the closest blazar (z=0.031) Markarian 421 (Mrk 421)
during a giant outburst in February 2010. The source underwent rapid flux
variations in both X-rays and very high energy (VHE) gamma-rays as it evolved
from a low-flux state on 2010 February 13-15 to a high-flux state on 2010
February 17. During this period, the source exhibited significant spectral
hardening from X-rays to VHE gamma-rays while exhibiting a "harder when
brighter" behavior in these energy bands. We reproduce the broadband SED using
a time-dependent multi-zone leptonic jet model with radiation feedback. We find
that an injection of the leptonic particle population with a single power-law
energy distribution at shock fronts followed by energy losses in an
inhomogeneous emission region is suitable for explaining the evolution of Mrk
421 from low- to high-flux state in February 2010. The spectral states are
successfully reproduced by a combination of a few key physical parameters, such
as the maximum minimum cutoffs and power-law slope of the electron
injection energies, magnetic field strength, and bulk Lorentz factor of the
emission region. The simulated light curves and spectral evolution of Mrk 421
during this period imply an almost linear correlation between X-ray flux at
1-10 keV energies and VHE gamma-ray flux above 200 GeV, as has been previously
exhibited by this source. Through this study, a general trend that has emerged
for the role of physical parameters is that, as the flare evolves from a low-
to a high-flux state, higher bulk kinetic energy is injected into the system
with a harder particle population and a lower magnetic field strength.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Multi-frequency VLBA study of the blazar S5 0716+714 during the active state in 2004: I. Inner jet kinematics
We observed the blazar \object{0716+714} with the
VLBA during its active state in 2003-2004. In this paper we discuss
multi-frequency analysis of the inner jet (first 1 mas) kinematics. The
unprecedentedly dense time sampling allows us to trace jet components without
misidentification and to calculate the component speeds with good accuracy. In
the smooth superluminal jet we were able to identify and track three components
over time moving outwards with relatively high apparent superluminal speeds
(8.5-19.4 ), which contradicts the hypothesis of a stationary oscillating
jet in this source. Component ejections occur at a relatively high rate (once
in two months), and they are accompanied by mm-continuum outbursts.
Superluminal jet components move along wiggling trajectories, which is an
indication of actual helical motion. Fast proper motion and rapid decay of the
components suggest that this source should be observed with the VLBI at a rate
of at least once in one or two months in order to trace superluminal jet
components without confusion.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, Astronomy & Astrophysics Letter, language
corrections adde
MOJAVE: Monitoring of Jets in AGN with VLBA Experiments. VII. Blazar Jet Acceleration
We discuss acceleration measurements for a large sample of extragalactic
radio jets from the MOJAVE program which studies the parsec-scale jet structure
and kinematics of a complete, flux-density-limited sample of Active Galactic
Nuclei (AGN). Accelerations are measured from the apparent motion of individual
jet features or "components" which may represent patterns in the jet flow. We
find that significant accelerations are common both parallel and perpendicular
to the observed component velocities. Parallel accelerations, representing
changes in apparent speed, are generally larger than perpendicular acceleration
that represent changes in apparent direction. The trend for larger parallel
accelerations indicates that a significant fraction of these changes in
apparent speed are due to changes in intrinsic speed of the component rather
than changes in direction to the line of sight. We find an overall tendency for
components with increasing apparent speed to be closer to the base of their
jets than components with decreasing apparent speed. This suggests a link
between the observed pattern motions and the underlying flow which, in some
cases, may increase in speed close to the base and decrease in speed further
out; however, common hydro-dynamical processes for propagating shocks may also
play a role. About half of the components show "non-radial" motion, or a
misalignment between the component's structural position angle and its velocity
direction, and these misalignments generally better align the component motion
with the downstream emission. Perpendicular accelerations are closely linked
with non-radial motion. When observed together, perpendicular accelerations are
usually in the correct direction to have caused the observed misalignment.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures, 1 table, accepted by the Astrophysical Journa
MOJAVE: Monitoring of Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei with VLBA Experiments. VI. Kinematics Analysis of a Complete Sample of Blazar Jets
We discuss the jet kinematics of a complete flux-density-limited sample of
135 radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) resulting from a 13 year program to
investigate the structure and evolution of parsec-scale jet phenomena. Our
analysis is based on new 2 cm Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) images obtained
between 2002 and 2007, but includes our previously published observations made
at the same wavelength, and is supplemented by VLBA archive data. In all, we
have used 2424 images spanning the years 1994-2007 to study and determine the
motions of 526 separate jet features in 127 jets. The data quality and temporal
coverage (a median of 15 epochs per source) of this complete AGN jet sample
represents a significant advance over previous kinematics surveys. In all but
five AGNs, the jets appear one-sided, most likely the result of differential
Doppler boosting. In general the observed motions are directed along the jet
ridge line, outward from the optically thick core feature. We directly observe
changes in speed and/or direction in one third of the well-sampled jet
components in our survey. While there is some spread in the apparent speeds of
separate features within an individual jet, the dispersion is about three times
smaller than the overall dispersion of speeds among all jets. This supports the
idea that there is a characteristic flow that describes each jet, which we have
characterized by the fastest observed component speed. The observed maximum
speed distribution is peaked at ~10c, with a tail that extends out to ~50c.
This requires a distribution of intrinsic Lorentz factors in the parent
population that range up to ~50. We also note the presence of some rare
low-pattern speeds or even stationary features in otherwise rapidly flowing
jets... (abridged)Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables, accepted by the Astronomical Journal;
online only material is available from
http://www.cv.nrao.edu/2cmVLBA/pub/MOJAVE_VI_suppl.zi
Multifrequency VLBA Monitoring of 3C 273 during the INTEGRAL Campaign in 2003 - I. Kinematics of the Parsec Scale Jet from 43 GHz Data
In this first of a series of papers describing polarimetric multifrequency
Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) monitoring of 3C 273 during a simultaneous
campaign with the INTEGRAL gamma-ray satellite in 2003, we present 5 Stokes I
images and source models at 7 mm. We show that a part of the inner jet (1-2
milliarcseconds from the core) is resolved in a direction transverse to the
flow, and we analyse the kinematics of the jet within the first 10 mas. Based
on the VLBA data and simultaneous single-dish flux density monitoring, we
determine an accurate value for the Doppler factor of the parsec scale jet, and
using this value with observed proper motions, we calculate the Lorentz factors
and the viewing angles for the emission components in the jet. Our data
indicates a significant velocity gradient across the jet with the components
travelling near the southern edge being faster than the components with more
northern path. We discuss our observations in the light of jet precession model
and growing plasma instabilities.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics, 16 pages, 15
figure
Radio and optical intra-day variability observations of five blazars
We carried out a pilot campaign of radio and optical band intra-day
variability (IDV) observations of five blazars (3C66A, S5 0716+714, OJ287,
B0925+504, and BL Lacertae) on December 18--21, 2015 by using the radio
telescope in Effelsberg (Germany) and several optical telescopes in Asia,
Europe, and America. After calibration, the light curves from both 5 GHz radio
band and the optical R band were obtained, although the data were not smoothly
sampled over the sampling period of about four days. We tentatively analyse the
amplitudes and time scales of the variabilities, and any possible periodicity.
The blazars vary significantly in the radio (except 3C66A and BL Lacertae with
only marginal variations) and optical bands on intra- and inter-day time
scales, and the source B0925+504 exhibits a strong quasi-periodic radio
variability. No significant correlation between the radio- and optical-band
variability appears in the five sources, which we attribute to the radio IDV
being dominated by interstellar scintillation whereas the optical variability
comes from the source itself. However, the radio- and optical-band variations
appear to be weakly correlated in some sources and should be investigated based
on well-sampled data from future observations.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, accepted by MNRA
A Connection Between Apparent VLBA Jet Speeds and Initial Active Galactic Nucleus Detections Made by the Fermi Gamma-ray Observatory
In its first three months of operations, the Fermi Gamma-Ray Observatory has
detected approximately one quarter of the radio-flux-limited MOJAVE sample of
bright flat-spectrum active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at energies above 100 MeV.
We have investigated the apparent parsec-scale jet speeds of 26 MOJAVE AGNs
measured by the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) that are in the LAT bright AGN
sample (LBAS). We find that the gamma-ray bright quasars have faster jets on
average than the non-LBAS quasars, with a median of 15 c, and values ranging up
to 34 c. The LBAS AGNs in which the LAT has detected significant gamma-ray flux
variability generally have faster jets than the nonvariable ones. These
findings are in overall agreement with earlier results based on nonuniform
EGRET data which suggested that gamma-ray bright AGNs have preferentially
higher Doppler boosting factors than other blazar jets. However, the relatively
low LAT detection rates for the full MOJAVE sample (24%) and previously known
MOJAVE EGRET-detected blazars (43%) imply that Doppler boosting is not the sole
factor that determines whether a particular AGN is bright at gamma-ray
energies. The slower apparent jet speeds of LBAS BL Lac objects and their
higher overall LAT detection rate as compared to quasars suggest that the
former are being detected by Fermi because of their higher intrinsic (unbeamed)
gamma-ray to radio luminosity ratios.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, accepted by the Astrophysical Journal
Letters; minor corrections to the text are mad
Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars through the MAGIC glasses
The detection of Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars (FSRQs) in the Very High Energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) range is challenging, mainly because of their steep spectra in this energy band. Up to now, only five FSRQs are known to be VHE Îł-ray emitters, all of them have been detected by the MAGIC telescopes, that discovered four of them in the VHE band. The observations in the VHE band are crucial to understand their emission, specially to constrain the location of the emitting region within the jet due to the absorption from their broad line region (BLR). Typically, FSRQs are detected during high flux states, enhancing the probability of detection with the current instruments sensitivities. However, the last observation campaigns performed with the MAGIC telescopes show emission during moderate states, thus challenging our understanding of the emission mechanisms in FSRQs. In this contribution, we give an overview and present the most recent results of the three FSRQs 3C279, PKS1222+21 and PKS1510-089 in a multi-wavelength context with special focus on MAGIC and Fermi-LAT simultaneous observations
Probing the innermost regions of AGN jets and their magnetic fields with RadioAstron II. Observations of 3C 273 at minimum activity
RadioAstron is a 10 m orbiting radio telescope mounted on the Spektr-R
satellite, launched in 2011, performing Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry
(SVLBI) observations supported by a global ground array of radio telescopes.
With an apogee of about 350 000 km, it is offering for the first time the
possibility to perform {\mu}as-resolution imaging in the cm-band. We present
observations at 22 GHz of 3C 273, performed in 2014, designed to reach a
maximum baseline of approximately nine Earth diameters. Reaching an angular
resolution of 0.3 mas, we study a particularly low-activity state of the
source, and estimate the nuclear region brightness temperature, comparing with
the extreme one detected one year before during the RadioAstron early science
period. We also make use of the VLBA-BU-BLAZAR survey data, at 43 GHz, to study
the kinematics of the jet in a 1.5-year time window. We find that the nuclear
brightness temperature is two orders of magnitude lower than the exceptionally
high value detected in 2013 with RadioAstron at the same frequency (1.4x10^13
K, source-frame), and even one order of magnitude lower than the equipartition
value. The kinematics analysis at 43 GHz shows that a new component was ejected
2 months after the 2013 epoch, visible also in our 22 GHz map presented here.
Consequently this was located upstream of the core during the brightness
temperature peak. These observations confirm that the previously detected
extreme brightness temperature in 3C 273, exceeding the inverse Compton limit,
is a short-lived phenomenon caused by a temporary departure from equipartition.
Thus, the availability of interferometric baselines capable of providing
{\mu}as angular resolution does not systematically imply measured brightness
temperatures over the known physical limits for astrophysical sources.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&
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