Dynamics of findings of non-specific resistance in the mouth cavity in children with lesions of the mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth cavity against acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the treatment process.

There was con­ducted study of dynamics of findings of non-specific resistance in the mouth cavity in children with lesions of the mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth cavity against acute lymphoblastic leukemia  in the treatment process by authors-developed methods. It is known that in children with leukemia immunodeficiency states develop immunological disorders resulted from treatment with cytotoxic drugs. Moreover, not only general, but also the local immunity of the mouth cavity suffers, which is accompanied by development of infectious processes in the tissues that perform the barrier function, which include mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth cavity. A key role in the system of antimicrobial protection of the mouth cavity is performed by mucolytic enzyme lisocyme and α-defensins (HNP 1-3). 76 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia  aged from 2 to 18 years suffering  from such dental diseases as generalized chronic catarrhal gingivitis, erosive-ulcerative and candidal stomatitis took part in the clinical study. All children under clinical study were divided into 2 groups - the main and comparison. Standard protocol treatment was used in the comparison group. Developed treatment-and-prophylactic complex was used in the main group. The children of the main group were prescribed developed treatment-and-prophylactic complex depending on the period of the disease: the first version of local treatment was used in the acute period and the relapse of the disease, the second - in the period of remission. The results of research have shown a stimulating effect of therapeutic and prophylactic measures on the natural antimicrobial system of mouth cavity protection, both in children of the main groups under study and in the comparison groups. Such a phenomenon should be considered as a positive process that contributes to the increase of resistance in periodontal tissues and mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth cavity

Causes of Multiple Organ Dysfunction During Cardiosurgical Operations under Extracorporeal Circulation

Objective: to reveal possible causes of postoperative multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in patients after surgery under extracorporeal circulation (EC), by measuring the level and balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Subjects and methods. The investigation enrolled 162 patients who had undergone operations on the heart and thoracic aorta. The levels of interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were determined by ELISA. Results. At surgery under EC, MODS was encountered in 5.7%, mortality was 55.6%. The principal causes of MODS were prolonged EC concurrent with bleeding (23%), massive hemorrhage (16%), perioperative myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (15%), prolonged EC (12%), acute lung injury (12%), disseminated intravascular coagulation (10%), allergic and anaphylactic reactions (9%), and intravascular hemolysis (6%). The levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were substantially increased in all the patients after surgery under EC irrespective of the presence of MODS in the postoperative period. The patients with MODS displayed pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine imbalance due to a preponderance of the proinflammatory activity of a systemic response. During massive hemorrhage (more than 20 ml/kg), the patients with MODS exhibited a reduction in the two pools of cytokines. In the absence of MODS, there was a parallel increase in both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The magnitude of a change in the level of cytokines is related to the volume of blood loss. During prolonged EC (more than 170 min), the patients with MODS had a higher pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine ratio due to the elevated levels of both pools, but the elevation of anti-inflammatory cytokines was more pronounced. In the patients without MODS, the values of both groups of interleukins were sigmficantly unchanged with longer duration of EC. Key words: multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, systemic inflammatory reaction, interleukins 6, 8, 10, extracorporeal circulation, operations on the heart and thoracic aorta

Qualitative methods of benefit / risk assessment

In this article authors describe some existing methods of benefit / risk assessment

LOCAL ANESTHETIC MYOTOXICITY

The article presents the mechanisms of development and methods of correction of myotoxicity associated with use of local anesthetic

ON THE IMPACT OF DRUG NAMES AND LABELS ON THE RISK OF MEDICATION ERRORS

In this article authors analyze the influence of a label on drugpackage on the risk of medication errors and propose methods of their prevention.Analysis of the corresponding data published by regulators EMA and FDA hasprovided an opportunity to find examples of phonetic and graphic similaritieswith drugs identificatio

USE OF DRUGS DURING THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY IN TERMS OF FOETUS SAFETY: ANALYSIS OF PRESCRIBINGS

The article presents the results of analysis of the use of drugs in the first trimester of pregnancy from the point of view of safety to the fetu

Hadron-Hadron and cosmic-ray interactions at multi-TeV energies

The workshop on "Hadron-Hadron and Cosmic-Ray Interactions at multi-TeV Energies" held at the ECT centre (Trento) in Nov.-Dec. 2010 gathered together both theorists and experimentalists to discuss issues of the physics of high-energy hadronic interactions of common interest for the particle, nuclear and cosmic-ray communities. QCD results from collider experiments-mostly from the LHC but also from the Tevatron, RHIC and HERA-were discussed and compared to various hadronic Monte Carlo generators, aiming at an improvement of our theoretical understanding of soft, semi-hard and hard parton dynamics. The latest cosmic-ray results from various ground-based observatories were also presented with an emphasis on the phenomenological modeling of the first hadronic interactions of the extended air-showers generated in the Earth atmosphere. These mini-proceedings consist of an introduction and short summaries of the talks presented at the meeting

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PREOPERATIVE PRELOAD WITH CARBOHYDRATES UPON METABOLIC, IMMUNE AND CYTOKINE STATUSES AFTER RECONSTRUCTIVE ESOPHAGEAL SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS

The aim of this prospective randomized clinical study was to investigate the role of preoperative carbohydrate admnistration in surgery-induced metabolic, immune and inflammatory reactions after thoracoabdominal operations. At the Surgical department I (B.V. Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery), we investigated a modulatory role of carbohydrate preload upon surgical stress observed after major thoracoabdominal operations (thoracoscopic and open esophagectomy, retrosternal colonic esophagoplasty) followed by the enhanced recovery protocol. The study was performed in 2014-2017, it included 30 patients, divided into 2 groups. Group A patients (n = 16) received carbohydrates preload (12.5% maltodextrin solution per os or enterally). In patients with dysphagia, the 12.5% dextrose solution was used intravenously in equal volumes. Group B patients didn’t receive any additional preload with carbohydrates. The groups were age- and gendermatched, similar for disease and surgery types. Glucose and insulin levels (with HOMA insulin resistance index, HOMA-IR) were measured before surgery and on day +1, interleukin levels (IL-6, IL-10, IL-8) and index IL-8/IL-10 were assessed before surgery, and on days +1 and +5 after surgery. Cell-mediated immunity was investigated before surgery and on day +5.The stress-induced hyperglycemia (> 7.8 mmol/L) was detected more frequently in group B (50%), than in group A (6%), p = 0.012. Insulin resistance measured by HOMA-IR in group B was detected in 71% of patients and in 25% patients of group A only, p = 0.027. Individual analysis of immune response demonstrated that a trend for immune recovery was detected by the day +5 post-op in the group A. Postoperative levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were lower on day +1 and +5 in group A. Morbidity rates and the terms of hospitalization were similar in both groups. Local postsurgical infections in group A were developed in 6% of the patients vs 35.6% in group B (p = 0.072).In conclusion, a complex study of surgical stress, i.e., metabolic, immune and inflammatory reactions after esophageal surgery has shown that the carbohydrate preload decreased the incidence of postoperative insulin resistance and stress-induced hyperglycemia, being accompanied by lower release of proinflammatory cytokines and provides positive effects upon the patient’s immune system

Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel – first step of nanotechnology into clinical practice

Paclitaxel is an effective antitumor agent used for treatment of breast cancer, lung, stomach and pancreas. However, its own adverse effects and the use of toxic Cremophor EL as the solvent limit the application range of this drug. Associated with the albumin-bound nanoparticle paclitaxel (paclitaxel SAN) specifically transported into tumor tissue. This leads to an increase in the antitumor effect, and it reduces the severity of side effects

EVALUATIONS OF ADVERSE DRUGS REACTIONS IN RUSSIA IN 2013

The article presents the results of pharmacoeconomic studies of adverse reactions to the drugs in Russian Federation