Legitimacy in conflict: concepts, practices, challenges

The study of legitimacy in situations of conflict and peacebuilding has increased in recent years. However, current work on the topic adopts many assumptions, definitions, and understandings from classical legitimacy theory, which centers on the relationship between the nation-state and its citizens. In this introduction, we provide a detailed critical overview of current theories of legitimacy and legitimation and demonstrate why they have only limited applicability in conflict and post-conflict contexts, focusing on the three main areas that the articles included in this special issue examine: audiences for legitimacy, sources of legitimacy, and legitimation. In particular, we show how conflict and post-conflict contexts are marked by the fragmentation and personalization of power; the proliferation and fragmentation of legitimacy audiences; and ambiguity surrounding legitimation strategies

[Gathic metrics]

Die Gathas des Zarathustra unterscheiden sich von den übrigen Teilen des avest. Textcorpus bekanntlich nicht nur in sprachlicher Hinsicht, sondern auch durch die spezifischen metr(ischen) Formen, in denen sie abgefaßt sind..

Pretagraha totam bhindami - magische Silben zur Abwehr von Dämonen : die Malediven im Wandel der Sprachen und Religionen

In der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts hat sich die Inselgruppe der Malediven im Indischen Ozean in rasantem Tempo von einem geografisch isolierten und deshalb nahezu unbekannten Flecken am Rande der Welt zum Geheimtipp für Tiefseetaucher und weiter zum modernen, internationalen Touristikzentrum entwickelt. Von den zirka 1250 Inseln, die dem Inselstaat angehören, sind heute fast 100 als "tourist resorts" ausgebaut , die über einen internationalen Flughafen und mit Wasserflugzeugen bequem erreichbar sind. Nur die wenigsten Besucher werden dabei bemerken, dass die Bewohner des zwischen Afrika und Asien gelegenen Archipels zu einer alten Kulturnation gehören. Tatsächlich können die Malediver auf eine schriftliche Tradition zurückblicken, die der des Deutschen in ihrer zeitlichen Erstreckung nicht nachsteht; sie ist zudem durch den durchgreifenden Wechsel der Staatsreligion vom Buddhismus zum Islam und einen mehrfachen Wandel der Schrift geprägt

African Regional Organizations Seen From Below: Theorizing Legitimacy Beyond the European Nation-State

Despite a long and rich history of African-led conflict interventions, very little is known whether regional organizations (RO) such as the AU and ECOWAS are considered legitimate authorities in today's conflicts. There is hardly any interest on the reaction, perception and contestation of RO's conflict management by those directly affected - citizens, civil society, local authorities etc. Whereas a growing literature deals with the legitimacy of the UN’s peace operations as well as with grassroots perceptions of their blue helmets, similar studies relating to African RO's are scarce. However, apart from this empirical blind spot, there is also a more fundamental, epistemological problem. What unites the existing literature is either a functional understanding of legitimacy, such as Scharpf’s in- and output legitimacy, or a subjective conception of legitimate order inspired by Max Weber. Recent scholarly debate has highlighted the importance of different audiences, sources and practices of legitimation understood as a dynamic process rather than an attribute. However, they all relate to a theoretical background that is embedded in concepts of legitimate (democratic) order and thus limit our grasp of eventually other 'benchmarks' of legitimacy as perceived, shaped and contested by those directly affected by interventions. Studying the legitimacy of African RO's might inspire theory building as 1) African RO’s have a larger authority to intervene in domestic conflict compared to other regional organizations, thus directly affect state-society relations. 2) The latter are - in contrast to the European nation-state - hardly characterized by democratic representation and legitimate authority but by the fluidity of power relations as well as a constantly changing set of actors in times of conflict. This paper argues that a bottom-up perspective on legitimacy of regional organizations could feed into novel theorizing of the meaning and function of legitimacy beyond the nation-state that deliberately draws on and theorizes from non-Western experiences

MS – 245: Papers of Edward E. Bradbury

This collection is a 50-page folio journal with the first entry on January 1, 1865 and the last entry on July 2, 1865. There are scattered math equations throughout the journal. The first four pages are instruction based about compass corrections, other navigational tasks, and deck work related to sails. In almost every entry, the day of the week is written, the time, the weather, the location of the ship Bradbury was aboard that day (mostly the U.S.S. Rhode Island), his duties for that day, leisure activities, and his personal health for that day (ex. good, fair, starving). On the inside of the back cover is a laundry list and an address for the laundress. The folio was entirely handwritten in script using both pen and pencil. The ink pen writing is dark and neat. The pencil writing is a little faint but also clear. Special Collections and College Archives Finding Aids are discovery tools used to describe and provide access to our holdings. Finding aids include historical and biographical information about each collection in addition to inventories of their content. More information about our collections can be found on our website https://www.gettysburg.edu/special-collections/collections/.https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/findingaidsall/1217/thumbnail.jp

Sprachenpolitik in Europa – Tatsachen und Perspektiven

This paper characterizes the linguistic situation in Europe in the context of the global language situation. It describes the significance of the "Project Nation" for the European national languages. European unification after World War II is examined in terms of its linguistic consequences in a number of linguistically sensitive areas such as the economy and science. The language-political activities of the European Council and the European Union are characterized. A distinct languageconcept is necessary for furthering the linguistic development of Europe – such a language concept should take into account the teleological, the gnoseological and the communitary dimension of language in equal measure. I argue against a pseudo-solution for the language question through the propagation of a "lingua franca" and instead plead for a complex linguistic education concept for Europe, in which multilingualism is regarded and language-politically stated as a cultural and intercultural challenge. Central to this concept is the development of a workable hermeneutics.Keywords: Europe, “Project Nation”, European unification, European Council, European Union, “lingua franca”, multilingualism, interculturalism, hermeneutics, teleological, gnoseological, communicatory dimension of languageSchlüsselbegriffe: Europa, „Projekt Nation“, europäische Vereinigung, Europarat, Europäische Union, „lingua franca“, Mehrsprachigkeit, Interkulturalität, Hermeneutik, teleologische, gnoseologische, kommunitäre Dimension von Sprach

Footnotes on a Parthian sound change

International audienceThe treatment of Proto-Iranian *θw (Proto-Indo-European *tw) is one of the isoglosses distinguishing Middle Persian from Parthian and thus important for Western Iranian dialectology. The re-discussion of the Parthian development of this consonant cluster by Nicholas Sims-Williams presents a welcome opportunity for some notes on the matter. I will argue that there is some additional evidence in favour of his suggestion that the Parthian result is not -f- as previously assumed, but a consonant cluster. I will also suggest a modification of the steps that the development takes. The Middle Persian development of *θw as well as some related issues of historical phonology and Parthian orthography and Western Iranian sound changes are likewise discussed