Estimating the effects of oil price shockson the Kazakh economy

This paper explores the role of oil for the Kazakh economy. In order to assess thedegree of volatility the oil price features, it, firstly, discusses the literature on oil price behaviour. Secondly, it analyzes the effect of oil price declines on key macroeconomicvariables such as real GDP, inflation and real exchange rates using vectorautoregressive (VAR) models. In this respect, the paper deviates from a large number of papers on oil price effects as it considers a transition rather than a developed economy and an oil exporting rather than an oil importing country. The key findings to emerge from this paper are, first, that the price of oil is influenced by a large number of factors, which results in a considerable degree of volatility. Secondly, all variables considered in theVAR model exhibit a strong negative significant reaction on oil price declines, and, thirdly, a standard linear VAR model is appropriate for capturing the Kazakh oil-macro relationship.Oil price, VAR-Models, oil exporting economy.

Teleparallel Versions of Friedmann and Lewis-Papapetrou Spacetimes

This paper is devoted to investigate the teleparallel versions of the Friedmann models as well as the Lewis-Papapetrou solution. We obtain the tetrad and the torsion fields for both the spacetimes. It is shown that the axial-vector vanishes for the Friedmann models. We discuss the different possibilities of the axial-vector depending on the arbitrary functions $\omega$ and $\psi$ in the Lewis-Papapetrou metric. The vector related with spin has also been evaluated.Comment: 13 pages, accepted for publication in GR

On network representations of antennas inside resonating environments

We discuss network representations of dipole antennas within electromagnetic cavities. It is pointed out that for a given configuration these representations are not unique. For an efficient evaluation a network representation should be chosen such that it involves as few network elements as possible. The field theoretical analogue of this circumstance is the possibility to express electromagnetic cavities' Green's functions by representations which exhibit different convergence properties. An explicit example of a dipole antenna within a rectangular cavity clarifies the corresponding interrelation between network theory and electromagnetic field theory. As an application, current spectra are calculated for the case that the antenna is nonlinearly loaded and subject to a two-tone excitation

Zur empirischen Analyse des Ölpreises – ein Überblick über aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse

Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die neuen Forschungsergebnisse auf den Gebieten der empirischen Analyse der makroökonomischen Konsequenzen von Ölpreisschocks, der Untersuchung des Wandels des Zusammenhangs zwischen dem Ölpreis und der Ökonomie sowie der Untersuchung der strukturellen Ursachen der Ölpreisveränderungen.Mineralölpreisschock, Erdölpreis, Forschung

Pyrolisis Temperature Effect to the Biochar Product from Chocolate’s Fruit Skin (Theobroma cacao L.)

This research’s aim is to find out the effect of pyrolisis temperature to the biochar product from chocolate’s rind. The sample of rind of 20 kg is come from Indrapuri, Great Aceh. The water level of the sample is determined and then it was pyrolised with pyrolisator at the temperatures of 300, 400, and 500oC. The biochar gotten is then measured its rendemen and characterized which comprised of flying substance level, ash, bonded carbon, nitrogen, phosphor, potassium, and then the chemical substances were identified by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). Pyrolisis product of biochars at the temperatures of 300, 400, and 500oC were gained rendemen of 8.98; 8.45, and 8.35% (w/w) in a row. These biochars have physical appearance of black with brittle texture. It were gained biochars’s characteristic product of water level at 3.93% (300oC), 2.43% (400oC), and 1.50% (500oC) respectively; flying substance level at 47.13% (300oC), 29.58% (400oC) and 25.48% (500oC); ash level at15.70% (300oC), 17.14% (400oC), and 18.02% (500oC), bonded carbon at 37.16% (300oC), 53.37% (400oC), and 56.32% (500oC). The highest level of nitrogen (3.51%) is gained with biochar’s pyrolisis product at the temperature 300oC, meanwhile for the 500 dan 400oC, their nitrogen level are 1.29 and 0.86%. Phosphor level at biochar’s pyrolisis product at the temperature of 300, 400 and 500oC in a row are 0.90; 0.43; 1.39% and potassium level at this biochar are 3.34,4.73, and 4.41% consecutively. GCMS analysis result to the biochar’s pyrolisis product at the temperature of 300oC was identified 40 compounds with their main contents is 4-beta-5-dihydroneronin (22.02%), whereas at the temperatures of 400 dan 500oC respective are identified of 11 and 23 compounds, however their main contents is oleat acid with the level of 62.47 dan 49.84% in a row. It can be concluded that biochar’s characteristics of chocolate’s rind is determined by pyrolisis temperature