Women's Education Level, Maternal Health Facilities, Abortion Legislation and Maternal Deaths: A Natural Experiment in Chile from 1957 to 2007

The aim of this study was to assess the main factors related to maternal mortality reduction in large time series available in Chile in context of the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).Time series of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) from official data (National Institute of Statistics, 1957-2007) along with parallel time series of education years, income per capita, fertility rate (TFR), birth order, clean water, sanitary sewer, and delivery by skilled attendants were analysed using autoregressive models (ARIMA). Historical changes on the mortality trend including the effect of different educational and maternal health policies implemented in 1965, and legislation that prohibited abortion in 1989 were assessed utilizing segmented regression techniques.During the 50-year study period, the MMR decreased from 293.7 to 18.2/100,000 live births, a decrease of 93.8%. Women's education level modulated the effects of TFR, birth order, delivery by skilled attendants, clean water, and sanitary sewer access. In the fully adjusted model, for every additional year of maternal education there was a corresponding decrease in the MMR of 29.3/100,000 live births. A rapid phase of decline between 1965 and 1981 (-13.29/100,000 live births each year) and a slow phase between 1981 and 2007 (-1.59/100,000 live births each year) were identified. After abortion was prohibited, the MMR decreased from 41.3 to 12.7 per 100,000 live births (-69.2%). The slope of the MMR did not appear to be altered by the change in abortion law.Increasing education level appears to favourably impact the downward trend in the MMR, modulating other key factors such as access and utilization of maternal health facilities, changes in women's reproductive behaviour and improvements of the sanitary system. Consequently, different MDGs can act synergistically to improve maternal health. The reduction in the MMR is not related to the legal status of abortion

Cephalometric evaluation of skeletal and dental effects of bionator vd. teuscher appliance: a comparative study

ÖZET : Bionator ve Teuscher Apareylerınin İskeletsel ve Dental Etkilerinin Sefalometrik Değerlerdirmesiİskeletsel malokluzyona sahip hastaların ortodontik tedavilerinin planlanması aşamasında ortodontistler sıklıkla, sabit apareyler ile yapılan konvansiyonel tedavi yöntemlerine ek olarak büyümenin yönlendirilmesi veya cerrahi girişimlere de ihtiyaç duyarlar. Örneğin; büyümekte olan bir iskeletsel Sınıf II mandibular retrüzyon hastasının tedavisi sırasında sabit apareyler ile dental problemlerin düzeltilmesinden önce fonksiyonel apareyler yardımıyla üst ve alt çenenin büyümesinin yönlendirilmesi gereklidir. Farklı fonksiyonel apareylerin dental ve iskeletsel etkilerinin karşılaştırıldığı çalışmalar bu apareylerin sagittal yöndeki iskeletsel uyumsuzluğu çözmede başarılı olduklarını göstermiştir ancak düzeltim mekanizması konusunda halen farklı görüşler savunulmaktadır. Bu retrospektif çalışmanın amacı büyümekte olan sınıf II bölüm 1 malokluzyona sahip hastaların tedavisinde kullanılan Bionator ve Teuscher apareylerinin dental ve iskeletsel etkilerini karşılaştırmaktır.Çalışma iki farklı grup kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. 1.Grup Bionator ile tedavi edilen 11 bireyden (2 erkek, 8 kız) oluşurken, 2.grup Teuscher apareyi ile tedavi edilen10 bireyden (6 erkek, 4 kız) oluşmaktaydı. Her bireyden tedavi başında ve sınıf II molar ilişkisi düzelir düzelmez alınan lateral sefalometrik filmler Marmara Üniversitesi Dişhekimliği Fakültesi Ortodonti Anabilim Dalı arşivinden elde edildi. Tedavi başında hastaların ortalama yaşı Bionator grubunda 12,01±1,01 yıl ve Teuscher grubunda 12,61±0,54 yıldı. Ortalama tedavi süresi Bionator grubu için 29,91±7,73 ay ve Teuscher grubu için 31,6±10,77aydı.Bu çalışmada kullanılan radyograflar iki farklı sefalometrik cihaz kullanılarak elde edildiğinden, magnifikasyon farklılığı nedeniyle oluşabilecek problemleri ortadan kaldırabilmek için sefalometrik analiz sırasında sadece açısal ölçümler gerçekleştirildi.Sonuç olarak;1-Her iki aparey de sınıf I molar ilişkisinin elde edilmesinde başarılıydı2-Her iki aparey ile de palatal düzlemde saat yönünde bir rotasyon meydana geldi3-Her iki apareyde maksilla üzerinde sınırlayıcı bir etkiye sahipti4-Her iki grupta da tedaviye bağlı olarak mandibula önemsiz miktarda öne doğru yer değişt5-Tedaviye bağlı olara her iki grupta da mandibula rotasyon yapmadı6-Her iki grupta da üst keserlerin dikleştiği ve alt keserlerin prokline oldukları görüldü SUMMARY : Cephalometric Evaluation of Skeletal and Dental Effects of Bionator VS. Teuscher Appliance : A Comparative StudyOn a daily basis, orthodontists are faced with decisions that typically take into account the possibility of growth modification or surgical intervention, in addition to routine fixed appliance therapy, in the treatment of patients with underlying skeletal malrelationships. Most clinicians recognize that the efficacy of conventional fixed appliances is limited and that both orthopedic and surgical options should be considered if significant skeletal and neuromuscular imbalances contribute to the clinical manifestation of the occlusal problem.An example of such a situation is the treatment of a growing patient with Class II malocclusion and mandibular skeletal retrusion. Clinical trials comparing the skeletal and dental effects of different functional jaw appliances have shown comparable effectiveness on the correction of the skeletal imbalance on the sagittal direction, however, controversy remains concerning the mechanism of correction The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the dental and skeletal effects of the Bionator and the Teuscher appliances in the treatment of skeletal Class II Division I growing patients.The sample consisted of 2 groups of Class II Div 1 patients. Group 1 consisted of 11 patients, (3 male, 8 female), and they were treated with Bionator. Group 2 consisted of 10 patients, (6 male, 4 female), and they were treated with Teuscher appliance. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken at the beginning of treatment and after Class I molar relationship was achieved. Files were selected from the archive-files of the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Orthodontics. For group 1, the average age at the beginning of the treatment was 12.01±1.01 years; and the average duration of treatment was 29.91±7.73 months. For group 2, the average initial age was 12.61±0.54 years; and the average duration of treatment was 31.6±10.77 months.Since the X-rays evaluated in this study were taken by two different machines, during cephalometric analysis only angular measurements were used to exclude the magnification factor. Both groups were found to be successful in correction of Class II molar relationship to Class I. Both appliances had a significant effect on the maxillary growth. Both had retroclined the upper incisors. When two groups were compared, differences were found to be insignificant

Cephalometric evaluation of skeletal and dental effects of bionator vd. teuscher appliance: a comparative study

: Bionator ve Teuscher Apareylerınin İskeletsel ve Dental Etkilerinin Sefalometrik Değerlerdirmesi İskeletsel malokluzyona sahip hastaların ortodontik tedavilerinin planlanması aşamasında ortodontistler sıklıkla, sabit apareyler ile yapılan konvansiyonel tedavi yöntemlerine ek olarak büyümenin yönlendirilmesi veya cerrahi girişimlere de ihtiyaç duyarlar. Örneğin; büyümekte olan bir iskeletsel Sınıf II mandibular retrüzyon hastasının tedavisi sırasında sabit apareyler ile dental problemlerin düzeltilmesinden önce fonksiyonel apareyler yardımıyla üst ve alt çenenin büyümesinin yönlendirilmesi gereklidir. Farklı fonksiyonel apareylerin dental ve iskeletsel etkilerinin karşılaştırıldığı çalışmalar bu apareylerin sagittal yöndeki iskeletsel uyumsuzluğu çözmede başarılı olduklarını göstermiştir ancak düzeltim mekanizması konusunda halen farklı görüşler savunulmaktadır. Bu retrospektif çalışmanın amacı büyümekte olan sınıf II bölüm 1 malokluzyona sahip hastaların tedavisinde kullanılan Bionator ve Teuscher apareylerinin dental ve iskeletsel etkilerini karşılaştırmaktır. Çalışma iki farklı grup kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. 1.Grup Bionator ile tedavi edilen 11 bireyden (2 erkek, 8 kız) oluşurken, 2.grup Teuscher apareyi ile tedavi edilen10 bireyden (6 erkek, 4 kız) oluşmaktaydı. Her bireyden tedavi başında ve sınıf II molar ilişkisi düzelir düzelmez alınan lateral sefalometrik filmler Marmara Üniversitesi Dişhekimliği Fakültesi Ortodonti Anabilim Dalı arşivinden elde edildi. Tedavi başında hastaların ortalama yaşı Bionator grubunda 12,01±1,01 yıl ve Teuscher grubunda 12,61±0,54 yıldı. Ortalama tedavi süresi Bionator grubu için 29,91±7,73 ay ve Teuscher grubu için 31,6±10,77aydı. Bu çalışmada kullanılan radyograflar iki farklı sefalometrik cihaz kullanılarak elde edildiğinden, magnifikasyon farklılığı nedeniyle oluşabilecek problemleri ortadan kaldırabilmek için sefalometrik analiz sırasında sadece açısal ölçümler gerçekleştirildi. Sonuç olarak; 1- Her iki aparey de sınıf I molar ilişkisinin elde edilmesinde başarılıydı 2- Her iki aparey ile de palatal düzlemde saat yönünde bir rotasyon meydana geldi 3- Her iki apareyde maksilla üzerinde sınırlayıcı bir etkiye sahipti 4- Her iki grupta da tedaviye bağlı olarak mandibula önemsiz miktarda öne doğru yer değişt 5- Tedaviye bağlı olara her iki grupta da mandibula rotasyon yapmadı 6- Her iki grupta da üst keserlerin dikleştiği ve alt keserlerin prokline oldukları görüldü SUMMARY : Cephalometric Evaluation of Skeletal and Dental Effects of Bionator VS. Teuscher Appliance : A Comparative Study On a daily basis, orthodontists are faced with decisions that typically take into account the possibility of growth modification or surgical intervention, in addition to routine fixed appliance therapy, in the treatment of patients with underlying skeletal malrelationships. Most clinicians recognize that the efficacy of conventional fixed appliances is limited and that both orthopedic and surgical options should be considered if significant skeletal and neuromuscular imbalances contribute to the clinical manifestation of the occlusal problem. An example of such a situation is the treatment of a growing patient with Class II malocclusion and mandibular skeletal retrusion. Clinical trials comparing the skeletal and dental effects of different functional jaw appliances have shown comparable effectiveness on the correction of the skeletal imbalance on the sagittal direction, however, controversy remains concerning the mechanism of correction The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the dental and skeletal effects of the Bionator and the Teuscher appliances in the treatment of skeletal Class II Division I growing patients. The sample consisted of 2 groups of Class II Div 1 patients. Group 1 consisted of 11 patients, (3 male, 8 female), and they were treated with Bionator. Group 2 consisted of 10 patients, (6 male, 4 female), and they were treated with Teuscher appliance. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken at the beginning of treatment and after Class I molar relationship was achieved. Files were selected from the archive-files of the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Orthodontics. For group 1, the average age at the beginning of the treatment was 12.01±1.01 years; and the average duration of treatment was 29.91±7.73 months. For group 2, the average initial age was 12.61±0.54 years; and the average duration of treatment was 31.6±10.77 months. Since the X-rays evaluated in this study were taken by two different machines, during cephalometric analysis only angular measurements were used to exclude the magnification factor. Both groups were found to be successful in correction of Class II molar relationship to Class I. Both appliances had a significant effect on the maxillary growth. Both had retroclined the upper incisors. When two groups were compared, differences were found to be insignificant

Bond strength, enamel damage, properties of commercially available ceramics and novel composites and porcelain brackets

PLEASE NOTE: This work is protected by copyright. Downloading is restricted to the BU community: please click Download and log in with a valid BU account to access. If you are the author of this work and would like to make it publicly available, please contact [email protected] (DScD) --Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 2011 (Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics)Includes bibliographic references: leaves 65-74.The brackets used in orthodontics are expected to maintain their integrity. When ceramic orthodontic brackets were introduced in the middle 1980’s, they won instant acceptance from the profession and from patients. There are two types of commercially available ceramic brackets, both of which are made from aluminum oxide or alumina. The most common type, the polycrystalline alumina bracket, is translucent and may match tooth color to a certain extent. The monocrystalline alumina, or sapphire bracket, is transparent. Alumina and zirconia ceramic brackets are still not esthetic. Composite resins, porcelain and resin infused materials may be more esthetic and have sufficient properties to transmit and withstand orthodontic forces. The intent of this project is to fabricate orthodontic brackets from MARK II porcelain blocks MZ100 Composite blocks and to determine if the mechanical properties are comparable to those of conventional ceramic brackets. Multiple tests were performed on those fabricated brackets to compare them with the commercially available ceramic brackets. Those brackets were compared in means of debonding, fracture resistance to second order bends, and fracture resistance to third order bends. In the results of this study, the brackets fabricated from MARK II blocks and MZ1OO blocks showed comparable results to the commercially available ceramic brackets, with better esthetics. In conclusion, orthodontic brackets can be fabricated from Paradigm MZ1OO or MARK II porcelain blocks. They showed enough strength to withstand orthodontic forces. They proved to be strong enough to withstand the suggested magnitude of clinical arch wire torsional and tipping forces. They also showed less enamel damage when debonded which may be what orthodontists have been looking for

Low level expression of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E6 in squamous epithelium does not elicit E6 specific B- or T-helper immunological responses, or influence the outcome of immunisation with E6 protein

Mice transgenic for E6/E7 oncogenes of Human Papillomavirus type 16 display life-long expression of E6 in lens and skin epithelium, and develop inflammatory skin disease late in life, which progresses to papillomata and squamous carcinoma in some mice. We asked whether endogenous expression of E6 induced a specific immunological outcome, i.e. immunity or tolerance, or whether the mice remained immunologically naive to E6. We show that prior to the onset of skin disease, E6 transgenic mice did not develop a spontaneous E6-directed antibody response, nor did they display T-cell proliferative responses to dominant T-helper epitope peptides within E6. In contrast, old mice in which skin disease had arisen, developed antibodies to E6. We also show that following immunisation with E6, specific antibody responses did not differ significantly among groups of EB-transgenic mice of different ages (and therefore of different durations and amounts of exposure to endogenous E6), and non-transgenic controls. Additionally, E6 immunisation-induced T-cell proliferative responses were similar in E6-transgenic and non-transgenic mice. These data are consistent with the interpretation that unimmunised Eb-transgenic mice that have not developed inflammatory skin disease remain immunologically naive to E6 at the B- and Th levels. There are implications for E6-mediated tumorigenesis in humans, and for the development of putative E6 therapeutic vaccines. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved