Origins of domestic dog in Southern East Asia is supported by analysis of Y-chromosome DNA

Global mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data indicates that the dog originates from domestication of wolf in Asia South of Yangtze River (ASY), with minor genetic contributions from dog–wolf hybridisation elsewhere. Archaeological data and autosomal single nucleotide polymorphism data have instead suggested that dogs originate from Europe and/or South West Asia but, because these datasets lack data from ASY, evidence pointing to ASY may have been overlooked. Analyses of additional markers for global datasets, including ASY, are therefore necessary to test if mtDNA phylogeography reflects the actual dog history and not merely stochastic events or selection. Here, we analyse 14 437 bp of Y-chromosome DNA sequence in 151 dogs sampled worldwide. We found 28 haplotypes distributed in five haplogroups. Two haplogroups were universally shared and included three haplotypes carried by 46% of all dogs, but two other haplogroups were primarily restricted to East Asia. Highest genetic diversity and virtually complete phylogenetic coverage was found within ASY. The 151 dogs were estimated to originate from 13–24 wolf founders, but there was no indication of post-domestication dog–wolf hybridisations. Thus, Y-chromosome and mtDNA data give strikingly similar pictures of dog phylogeography, most importantly that roughly 50% of the gene pools are shared universally but only ASY has nearly the full range of genetic diversity, such that the gene pools in all other regions may derive from ASY. This corroborates that ASY was the principal, and possibly sole region of wolf domestication, that a large number of wolves were domesticated, and that subsequent dog–wolf hybridisation contributed modestly to the dog gene pool

Expression and amplification of topoisomerase-2? in type 1 and type 2 papillary renal cell carcinomas and its correlation with HER2/neu amplification

PubMed ID: 21461646The current study was undertaken to investigate chromosomal and genetical aberrations leading to overexpression of Topoisomerase-2? (TOP2?) and to reveal the possible association of these aberrations with HER2/neu overexpression and gene amplification, and to search for the relationship between TOP2? and HER2/neu status with prognostical biomarkers in papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a group of tumors with diverse molecular, chromosomal and clinical features. Archival cases of papillary RCC obtained from Departments of Pathology of Pamukkale, Ege and Dokuz Eylul Universities were studied in two groups (type 1 and type 2) each containing 20 cases. The level of TOP2? and HER2/neu expression by tumor cells were determined immunohistochemically. A multicolor FISH probe was used to define both amplification of HER2/neu and TOP2? genes, and polysomy 17. The ratio of cells expressing TOP2? in type 1 and type 2 papillary RCC were 24.29% and 6.89%, respectively. The difference was statistically significant comparing the average or median values of groups separately (p = 0.002). The expression levels of TOP2? and HER2/neu were also correlated. TOP2? and HER2/neu were co-amplified in both groups. Immunohistochemical expression was not observed in 15 of 23 cases with HER2/neu amplification. The most frequent finding detected by FISH method was polysomy of chromosome 17. We had contradictory results compared with the findings reported in the limited numbers of literature. It shows us that papillary RCC constitute a heterogenous group of tumors with various cytogenetic features and morphological classification of these tumors may not be compatible with their molecular characteristics. © 2011 Arányi Lajos Foundation.108S298Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support provided by a grant from The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, TUBITAK (Grant No. 108S298). -

Amplification

The current study was undertaken to investigate chromosomal and genetical aberrations leading to overexpression of Topoisomerase-2 alpha (TOP2 alpha) and to reveal the possible association of these aberrations with HER2/neu overexpression and gene amplification, and to search for the relationship between TOP2 alpha and HER2/neu status with prognostical biomarkers in papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a group of tumors with diverse molecular, chromosomal and clinical features. Archival cases of papillary RCC obtained from Departments of Pathology of Pamukkale, Ege and Dokuz Eylul Universities were studied in two groups (type 1 and type 2) each containing 20 cases. The level of TOP2 alpha and HER2/neu expression by tumor cells were determined immunohistochemically. A multicolor FISH probe was used to define both amplification of HER2/neu and TOP2 alpha genes, and polysomy 17. The ratio of cells expressing TOP2 alpha in type 1 and type 2 papillary RCC were 24.29% and 6.89%, respectively. The difference was statistically significant comparing the average or median values of groups separately (p = 0.002). The expression levels of TOP2 alpha and HER2/neu were also correlated. TOP2 alpha and HER2/neu were co-amplified in both groups. Immunohistochemical expression was not observed in 15 of 23 cases with HER2/neu amplification. The most frequent finding detected by FISH method was polysomy of chromosome 17. We had contradictory results compared with the findings reported in the limited numbers of literature. It shows us that papillary RCC constitute a heterogenous group of tumors with various cytogenetic features and morphological classification of these tumors may not be compatible with their molecular characteristics

Public Health Rep

Images194019315775PMCnull758