574 research outputs found
Towards a Political Economy of Monetary Dependency: The Case of the CFA Franc in West Africa
This paper focuses on the most neglected case of monetary dependency: the CFA franc. This currency arrangement was born in 1945, during the colonial era, but it still operates in the same ways more than 70 years later in fourteen countries in Africa, mostly former French colonies. Engaging with the seminal African scholarship by Joseph Pouemi on internal and external monetary repression and the emergent literature on âfinancial subordination,â we introduce the notion of the âchain of monetary dependency,â consisting of an external and an internal part. We argue that the CFA franc provides an extreme but paradigmatic example of this chain. The CFA franc is paradigmatic because of the very strong external repression of monetary and financial policy through US dollar and euro dependence. Internally, the CFA franc arrangement radicalizes the constraints imposed on all central bank policies and bank-firm relations in the Global South and makes it more difficult to pursue growth strategies geared towards the well-being of the broader population.Cet article porte sur le cas de dĂ©pendance monĂ©taire le plus occultĂ© : le franc CFA. Cet arrangement monĂ©taire est nĂ© en 1945 pendant la pĂ©riode coloniale mais fonctionne toujours de la mĂȘme maniĂšre plus de 70 ans plus tard dans 14 pays dâAfrique, pour la plupart dâanciennes colonies françaises. En nous inspirant des travaux acadĂ©miques pionniers de Joseph Pouemi sur la rĂ©pression monĂ©taire interne et externe ainsi que de la littĂ©rature Ă©mergente sur la « subordination financiĂšre », nous introduisons la notion de « chaĂźne de dĂ©pendance monĂ©taire » constituĂ©e dâune partie externe et interne. Nous soutenons que le franc CFA est un exemple extrĂȘme mais paradigmatique de cette chaĂźne. Le franc CFA est paradigmatique en raison de la rĂ©pression externe trĂšs forte de la politique monĂ©taire et financiĂšre sâexerçant Ă travers la dĂ©pendance au dollar amĂ©ricain et Ă lâeuro. Sur le plan interne, le franc CFA radicalise les contraintes imposĂ©es dans le Sud global aux politiques des banques centrales et aux relations entre les banques et les entreprises et rend plus difficile la mise en oeuvre de stratĂ©gies de croissance axĂ©es sur le bien-ĂȘtre de lâensemble de la population.Abbreviations Introduction Monetary dependency and the existing literature Joseph Pouemi on âmoney, serfdom, and freedomâ The WAMU as a case of monetary dependency The CFA franc and its roots in French colonialism and Second World War France External monetary repression: The CFA francâs four operating principles and their paradigmatic meaning The distributional outcomes of the CFA franc France: Governmental and corporate profiteers WAMU winners and losers Conclusion Reference
Evaluation des pratiques de gestion des adventices en riziculture irriguee dans la localite de Daloa, centre-ouest de la Cote dâIvoire
Le riz est lâaliment principal pour la quasi-totalitĂ© des populations vivant en CĂŽte dâIvoire. Cependant, les adventices sont considĂ©rĂ©es comme la contrainte biologique la plus importante faisant obstacle Ă la production rizicole. Lâobjectif de cette Ă©tude menĂ©e en 2015 Ă©tait dâĂ©valuer diffĂ©rentes techniques de gestion des adventices en riziculture irriguĂ©e, dans la localitĂ© de Daloa, au Centre-Ouest de la CĂŽte dâIvoire. Pour ce faire, une parcelle tĂ©moin et 3 parcelles tests ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es dans un dispositif en blocs alĂ©atoires complets avec 4 rĂ©pĂ©titions. Un seul paramĂštre a fait lâobjet dâĂ©valuation au niveau des adventices, Ă savoir lâindice dâabondance-dominance Ă 15 ; 30 ; 45 et 60 JAR. Cinq paramĂštres ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s sur le riz Ă la maturitĂ© physiologique. Ce sont : le nombre de talles et de panicules par poquet, la hauteur des plants, la longueur des panicules et le rendement paddy. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que les mĂ©thodes de gestion de lâenherbement ont un effet significatif sur lâindice dâabondance-dominance des adventices et les paramĂštres agronomiques du riz. En effet, lâapplication du pendimĂ©thaline en prĂ©-levĂ©e des adventices suivie dâun dĂ©sherbage manuel Ă 30 JAR permet de mieux maĂźtriser lâenherbement et amĂ©liore les paramĂštres agronomiques du riz.Mots clĂ©s: mauvaises herbes, riz, pratiques de gestion, abondance-dominance, CĂŽte dâIvoireEnglish Title: Assessment of management practices of weeds on irrigated rice in from Daloa, central-west of Cote dâIvoireEnglish AbstractRice is the main food for almost all populations living in CĂŽte dâIvoire. However, weeds are considered the most important biological constraint to rice production.The objective of this study, carried out in 2015, was to evaluate different management techniques of weeds on irrigated rice in from Daloa, Central-West of CĂŽte dâIvoire. To do a control plot and 3 parcels tests were tested in a randomized complete block with four replications. One parameter has been evaluated in weeds namely the abundance-dominance indexnotes 15; 30; 45 and 60 DAP. Five (05) parameters were evaluated in rice to physiological maturity. These are: number of tillers per hill, number of panicles per hill, plant height, length of panicle and paddy yield. The results showed that management practices of weeds have a significant effect on the abundance-dominance index of weeds and the agronomic parameters of rice.Indeed, the application of pendimethalin in pre-emergence of weeds followed by a manual weeding at 30 DAP allows better control of weeding and improves the agronomic parameters of the rice.Keywords: weeds, rice, management practices, abundance-dominance, cĂŽte dâivoir
RĂ©cente recomposition des populations de tiques prĂ©valent en CĂŽte dâIvoire
Une Ă©tude transversale a Ă©tĂ© conduite dans 5 villes des rĂ©gions centre, est, ouest et nord de la CĂŽte dâIvoire au cours des mois de septembre, octobre et novembre 2011. Le but Ă©tait de savoir si Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Ă©tait prĂ©sente dans dâautres rĂ©gions hormis le sud-ouest, et la nouvelle composition des populations de tiques infestant les bovins dans ces rĂ©gions. Au cours de cette Ă©tude, des tiques ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©coltĂ©es sur un Ă©chantillon de 6 animaux dans chacun des 25 Ă©levages rĂ©partis dans les quatre rĂ©gions : centre, ouest, est et nord. Six espĂšces de tiques appartenant Ă trois genres ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es. Ce sont: Amblyomma variegatum (toutes les rĂ©gions) ; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (toutes les rĂ©gions), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus(rĂ©gion est seulement), Hyalomma truncatum (rĂ©gions nord, est et ouest), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (centre et nord) et Rhipicephalus senegalensis (rĂ©gion centre seulement). LâespĂšce la plus dominante, observĂ©e pendant la pĂ©riode dâĂ©tude, a Ă©tĂ© Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. En effet, elle est non seulement prĂ©sente dans toutes les rĂ©gions, mais aussi majoritaire. La rĂ©partition gĂ©ographique de ces espĂšces de tiques, parasites des bovins, a donc Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie.Mots clĂ©s : Tiques, bovin, rĂ©gions, CĂŽte dâIvoire
Adventices hĂŽtes alternatifs de virus en culture de solanaceae en CĂŽte DâIvoire
Un inventaire de la flore adventice a été effectué dans des parcelles de piment, tomate et aubergine à Divo, Sinfra et Djebonoua durant l'année 2013. Au cours de ce recensement, 31 échantillons de feuilles de mauvaises herbes présentant des symptÎmes de viroses ont été prélevés. Les espÚces dont les feuilles ont été prélevées sont : d'Ageratum conyzoides, Boerhavia diffusa, Chromolaena odorata, Euphorbia heterophylla, Croton hirtus. Ces échantillons ont été soumis au test DAS-ELISA en vue de la la détection des virus. Ce travail a permis d'identifier le Cumcumber mosaic virus (CMV), le Peper veinal mosaic virus (PVMV) et le Potato virus Y (PVYN) chez Chromolaena odorata. Ces virus sont responsables de dégùts importants en culture de Solanaceae. Les mauvaises herbes : Chromolaena odorata, Ageratum conyzoides, Boerhavia diffusa, Croton hirtus et Euphorbia heterophylla sont des réservoirs de ces virus. Les résultats de la présente étude mettent en évidence le rÎle des adventices dans le maintien et la dissémination des virus en culture de Solanaceae.Mots-clés : Adventice, CMV, PVMV, PVYN, Solanaceae
Test phytochimique et insecticide de trois extraits organiques de feuilles de Ficus thonningii sur Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius
Pour trouver des alternatifs aux insecticides de synthĂšse, les extraits de plantes sont de plus en plus utilisĂ©s par les paysans pour protĂ©ger les stocks de rĂ©colte contre les insectes ravageurs. Ainsi, des tests phytochimiques et insecticides respectivement par chromatographie sur couche mince et par contact sont effectuĂ©s sur trois extraits organiques (cyclohexanique, chloroformique et mĂ©thanolique) de Ficus thonningii. Les donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es par la procĂ©dure General Linear Model Ă lâaide du logiciel Minitab 17. Les facteurs Ă©tudiĂ©s sont : le temps, le nombre dâinsectes morts et le nombre dâinsectes Ă©mergĂ©s, ainsi que leurs interactions. Les rĂ©sultats de lâanalyse statistique ont montrĂ© que lâextrait mĂ©thanolique donne un meilleur taux de mortalitĂ© sur Callosobruchus maculatus aux dates 3eme jour, 5e jour, 6e jour, 7e jour et 8eme jour. Ces rĂ©sultats sont corroborĂ©s par les tests phytochimiques avec lâidentification de molĂ©cules (alcaloĂŻdes, flavanoĂŻdes, tanins, polyphĂ©nols et saponosidesâŠ) susceptibles dâĂȘtre responsables de cette activitĂ© insecticide.Mots clĂ©s: Extraits, Ficus thonningii, Callosobruchus maculatus, niĂ©bĂ©
A bremsstrahlung gamma-ray source based on stable ionization injection of electrons into a laser wakefield accelerator
Laser wakefield acceleration permits the generation of ultra-short,
high-brightness relativistic electron beams on a millimeter scale. While those
features are of interest for many applications, the source remains constraint
by the poor stability of the electron injection process. Here we present
results on injection and acceleration of electrons in pure nitrogen and argon.
We observe stable, continuous ionization-induced injection of electrons into
the wakefield for laser powers exceeding a threshold of 7 TW. The beam charge
scales approximately linear with the laser energy and is limited by beam
loading. For 40 TW laser pulses we measure a maximum charge of almost 1 nC per
shot, originating mostly from electrons of less than 10 MeV energy. The
relatively low energy, the high charge and its stability make this source
well-suited for applications such as non-destructive testing. Hence, we
demonstrate the production of energetic radiation via bremsstrahlung conversion
at 1 Hz repetition rate. In accordance with Geant4 Monte-Carlo simulations, we
measure a gamma-ray source size of less than 100 microns for a 0.5 mm tantalum
converter placed at 2 mm from the accelerator exit. Furthermore we present
radiographs of image quality indicators
Different expression of Defensin-B gene in the endometrium of mares of different age during the breeding season
A sensitivity study on the role of the swamps of southern Sudan in the summer climate of North Africa using a regional climate model
We used the regional climate model RegCM3 to investigate the role of the swamps of southern Sudan in affecting the climate of the surrounding region. Towards this end, we first assessed the performance of a high resolution version of the model over northern Africa. RegCM3 shows a good skill in simulating the climatology of rainfall and temperature patterns as well as the related circulation features during the summer season, outperforming previous coarser resolution applications of the model over this region. Sensitivity experiments reveal that, relative to bare soil conditions, the swamps act to locally modify the surface energy budget primarily through an increase of surface latent heat flux. Existence of the swamps leads to lower ground temperature (up to 2 °C), a larger northâsouth temperature gradient, and increased local rainfall (up to 40 %). Of particular importance is the impact on rainfall in the surrounding regions. The swamps have almost no impact on the rainfall over the source region of the Nile in Ethiopia or in the Sahel region; however, they favor wetter conditions over central Sudan (up to 15 %) in comparison to the bare desert soil conditions.Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (Earth System Physics)International Atomic Energy AgencySTEP progra
âWe Need to Deploy Them Very Thoughtfully and Carefullyâ: Perceptions of Analytical Treatment Interruptions in HIV Cure Research in the United States â A Qualitative Inquiry
Strategies to control HIV in the absence of antiretroviral therapy are needed to cure HIV. However, such strategies will require analytical treatment interruptions (ATIs) to determine their efficacy. We investigated how U.S. stakeholders involved in HIV cure research perceive ATIs. We conducted 36 in-depth interviews with three groups of stakeholders: 12 people living with HIV, 11 clinician-researchers, and 13 policy-makers/bioethicists. Qualitative data revealed several themes. First, there was little consensus on when ATIs would be ethically warranted. Second, the most frequent perceived hypothetical motivators for participating in research on ATIs were advancing science and contributing to society. Third, risks related to viral rebound were the most prevalent concerns related to ATIs. Stakeholders suggested ways to minimize the risks of ATIs in HIV cure research. Increased cooperation between scientists and local communities may be useful for minimizing risk. Further ethics research is necessary
Willingness to Participate in HIV Cure Research: Survey Results from 400 People Living with HIV in the United States
Introduction
Participation in early-phase HIV cure studies includes clinical risks with little to no likelihood of clinical benefit. Examining the willingness of people living with HIV to participate is important to guide study design and informed consent. Our study examined the overall willingness of people living with HIV to participate in HIV cure research in the US, focusing on perceived risks and benefits of participation.
Methods
We undertook an online survey of adults living with HIV in the US. Survey questions were developed based on previous research and a scoping review of the literature. We quantitatively assessed individualsâ perceived risks and benefits of HIV cure-related research and respondentsâ willingness to participate in different modalities of HIV cure studies.
Results
We recruited 409 study participants of whom 400 were eligible for the study and were included in the analysis (nine were not eligible due to self-declared HIV-negative status). We found >50% willingness to participate in 14 different types of HIV cure studies. Perceived clinical benefits and social benefits were important motivators, while personal clinical risks appeared to deter potential participation. Roughly two-thirds of survey respondents (68%) indicated that they were somewhat willing to stop treatment as part of HIV cure research. In the bivariate models, females, African Americans/blacks, Hispanics, individuals in the lowest income bracket, people living with HIV for longer periods of their lives, and people who were self-perceived âvery healthyâ were less willing to participate in certain types of HIV cure studies than others. Multivariate results showed the perceived benefits (adjusted odds ratios >1) and perceived risks (adjusted odds ratios <1) acted as potential motivators and deterrents to participation, respectively.
Conclusion
Our study is the first attempt to quantify potential motivators and deterrents of participation in HIV cure research in the US using perceived risks and benefits. The results offer guidance to HIV cure researchers and developers of interventions about the beneficial and detrimental characteristics of HIV cure strategies that are most meaningful to people living with HIV. The study also highlights new potential lines of inquiry for further social science and ethics research
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