527 research outputs found
Influence of hydrothermal treatment conditions on the structure and catalytic activity of alumina during the skeletal isomerization of n-butenes
In order to obtain an efficient alumina catalyst for skeleton isomerization of n-butenes with a high catalytic activity, we study the influence of hydrothermal treatment (HTT) of alumina systems at 150- 200Β°C on the parameters of the crystalline and pore structure, and acid-base properties of industrial ?- Al 2O 3. It is shown that the HTT of aluminum hydroxide increases the sizes of microcrystallites and reduces the alumina's specific surface area and the number of acid-base centers. This reduces the activity in the reaction of skeletal isomerization of n-butenes. HTT of the two-phase alumina-aluminum hydroxide sys- tem produces smaller crystallites of Ξ³-Al 2O 3 and raises the acidity of the alumina obtained after calcination at 550Β°C; as a result, the catalytic activity increases. This method can be used to enhance the activity of industrial samples of alumina in the reaction of skeletal isomerization of n-butenes. Β© Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2012
Colleges and industry partnerβs integration: Chinaβs experience
The article considers the Chinese analogue of the federal project βProfessionalismβ β βWorkshop named after master Liu Banβ. Luban Workshop is an innovative experience that combines academic education and vocational training. This project takes on the important mission of promoting integration between industry partners (enterprises) and colleges in order to optimize the countryβs economic development through the modernization and reform of vocational education. The article examines the history of the implementation of the authorβs Chinese model EPIP; the features of the modern practice of organizing the βWorkshopβ in different countries of the world are revealed. It is concluded that the possibility and expediency of projecting some provisions of the Chinese experience onto the area of searching for the development trajectory of the Russian project βProfessionalismβ.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Β«ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΒ» β Β«Luban WorkshopΒ» (Β«ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΡ ΠΠ°Π½ΡΒ»), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ) ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ EPIP; Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΡ ΠΠ°Π½ΡΒ» Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°. Π‘Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Β«ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΒ»
Federal Program "Professionalitet" - Method of Closure of the Region's Staff Deficiency
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Β«ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΒ» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°. Π‘ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ.The article considers the federal program "Professionalitet" as one of the options for closing the personnel shortage in the region. Modern educational technologies and their effectiveness are compared, promising types of interactions between industry partners and colleges in the implementation of the project are presented
High-purity solvent preparation technology for use in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers
A scheme of an industrial process for preparing a solvent by fractional distillation and catalytic hydrofining of the C5-C7 fraction on a reactivated spent platinum-alumina isomerization catalyst was proposed for use in the manufacture of ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers. The process allows a high efficiency of removal of trace sulfur-containing, unsaturated, and aromatic compounds from the solvent to be attained and several desired products to be simultaneously obtained. Copyright Β© 2005 by MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica"(Russia)
High-purity solvent preparation technology for use in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers
A technological flowsheet is proposed to obtain a solvent for synthetic rubber production. According to that flowsheet, a high-purity solvent is obtained by rectification and catalytic hydrofining of the C5-C8 fraction using a reactivated alumina-platinum isomerization catalyst. The new method makes it feasible to reach a high removal rate for such solvent microimpurities as sulfur-containing, unsaturated and aromatic compounds. It also makes it possible to obtain several target products at the same time. Such deep purification is the main advantage of the proposed method over currently known methods of producing polymerization solvents
Genesis of the structure and the phase and elemental compositions of an aluminum oxide catalyst in the isomerization process of n-butylenes
An investigation of the changes in the characteristics of the porous structure, phase, and elemental compositions of catalyst samples for the isomerization of n-butylenes using a set of physicochemical methods has been conducted. In has been established that under hydrothermal conditions of the isomerization process, aluminum oxide recrystallization takes place, resulting in a decrease of its specific surface value and a displacement of the maximum of the distribution of pore diameters to the region of greater values. A porous structure transformation scheme has been suggested while operating the isomerization catalyst for n-butylenes. It has been supposed that the partial phase change of Ξ³-Al2O3 into Ξ΄-Al 2O3 occurring under industrial conditions of the isomerization of n-butylenes is caused by an accumulation of metal compound admixtures supplied with the feed flow. Β© 2009 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd
The effectiveness of biofilm formation of daily cultures of clinically significant strains of opportunistic bacteria
Background.Β The formation of biofilm structures by microorganisms living in the hospital environment is a serious medical problem. To conduct correct experimental studies, it is necessary to know the speed and efficiency of biofilm formation by clinically significant species of opportunistic bacteria.Β Β Aim:Β to study the kinetics of plankton culture growth and the rate of biofilm formation by clinically significant pathogens of infections associated with medical care to substantiate the methodology of further research.Β Β Materials and methods.Β The strains from the working collection of the Laboratory for Microbiome and Microecology of the Scientific Π‘entre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems were used. Experiments were carried out with conditionally pathogenic microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family and non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria. The optical density was measured, the total microbial number of the cell suspension was determined, and the morphological structure of the biofilm was evaluated using a light microscope on sterile cover glasses for thespecies Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens.Β Β Results.Β The duration of the lag phase of the kinetic curve of cell growth varied in isolates of S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae from 1 to 4 and 6 hours of cultivation, respectively. Despite this, the exponential growth phase was the same for all tested isolates and amounted to 4 hours. Thus, isolates of clinically significant species entered the stationary growth phase after 5β10 hours of cultivation and were characterized as fast-growing. On abiotic surfaces, after 8 hours of incubation of the tested cultures, the initial stages of the formation of biofilm structures were observed, after 20 hours the formed multilayer biofilm was visualized, after 24 hours succession occurred, new single cells were attached to the place of the detached structures.Β Β Conclusion.Β The data obtained on the duration of the main stages of growth kinetics compared with the visualization of the formation of biofilm structures on abiotic surfaces should be taken into account when studying the effects of disinfectants, antiseptics and antibacterial drugs on planktonic cells and biofilm associations of clinically significant opportunistic microorganisms
Management of patients with persistent medically unexplained symptoms: a descriptive study
Background: In 2013 the Dutch guideline for management of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) was published. The aim of this study is to assess medical care for patients with persistent MUS as recorded in their electronic medical records, to investigate if this is in line with the national guideline for persistent MUS and whether there are changes in care over time.
Methods: We conducted an observational study of adult primary care patients with MUS. Routinely recorded health care data were extracted from electronic medical records of patients participating in an ongoing randomised controlled trial in 30 general practices in the Netherlands. Data on general practitionersβ (GPsβ) management strategies during MUS consultations were collected in a 5-year period for each patient prior. Management strategies were categorised according to the options offered in the Dutch guideline. Changes in management over time were analysed.
Results: Data were collected from 1035 MUS consultations (77 patients). Beside history-taking, the most frequently used diagnostic strategies were physical examination (24.5%) and additional investigations by the GP (11.1%). Frequently used therapeutic strategies were prescribing medication (24.6%) and providing explanations (11.2%). As MUS symptoms persisted, GPs adjusted medication, discussed progress and scheduled follow-up appointments more frequently. The least frequently used strategies were exploration of all complaint dimensions (i.e. somatic, cognitive, emotional, behavioural and social) (3.5%) and referral to a psychologist (0.5%) or psychiatrist (0.1%).
Conclusions: Management of Dutch GPs is partly in line with the Dutch guideline. Medication was possibly prescribed more frequently than recommended, whereas exploration of all complaint dimensions, shared problem definition and referral to mental health care were used less
Π Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in the energy balance of the newborn baby's body, is associated with protein stores, which allows us to consider its level as an indicator of nutritional status.Objective: to study the value of insulin-like growth factor 1 and basic nutrients in the blood in premature infants in the process of neonatal adaptation.Materials and methods. Dynamics blood levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 in premature newborns included two trends: decrease (1 group) and increase (2 group). During a pregnancy most mothers of newborns from 1 group had been nonspecific respiratory and urinary-sexual organsβsinfectious diseases, in mothers of newborns from 2 group prevailed disorders which carried high risk of fetal hypoxia. During a neonatal period blood levels of albumen of newborns from 1 group decreased and blood levels of glucose increased; blood levels of nutrients in newborns from 2 group did not change.Conclusions. Dynamics blood levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 in premature newborns are markers of metabolismβs processes which were originated in fetal stage and continue in the neonatal period.ΠΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° 1 (ΠΠ€Π -1) ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡ Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° 1 ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π£ 39 Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π²Π°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° 1 (ΠΠ€Π -1) ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° (Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ β ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²). Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° 1 Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅-Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, 2 Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ 1 Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ 2 Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
1 Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
2 Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π°.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΠ€Π -1 Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ
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