Plantations, outgrowers and commercial farming in Africa: agricultural commercialisation and implications for agrarian change

Whether or not investments in African agriculture can generate quality employment at scale,avoid dispossessing local people of their land,promote diversified and sustainable livelihoods, and catalyse more vibrant local economies depends on what farming model is pursued. In this Forum, we build on recent scholarship by discussing the key findings of our recent studies in Ghana, Kenya and Zambia. We examined cases of three models of agricultural commercialisation, characterised by different sets of institutional arrangements that link land, labour and capital. The three models are: plantations or estates with on-farm processing; contract farming and outgrower schemes; and medium-scale commercial farming areas. Building on core debates in the critical agrarian studies literature, we identify commercial farming areas and contract farming as producing the most local economic linkages, and plantations/estates as producing more jobs, although these are of low quality and mostly casual. We point to the gender and generational dynamics emerging in the three models, which reflect the changing demand for family and wage labour. Models of agricultural commercialisation do not always deliver what is expected of them in part because local conditions play a critical role in the unfolding outcomes for land relations, labour regimes, livelihoods and local economies

The new enclosures: critical perspectives on corporate land deals

The contributions to this collection use the tools of agrarian political economy to explore the rapid growth and complex dynamics of large-scale land deals in recent years, with a special focus on the implications of big land deals for property and labour regimes, labour processes and structures of accumulation. The first part of this introductory essay examines the implications of this agrarian political economy perspective. First we explore the continuities and contrasts between historical and contemporary land grabs, before examining the core underlying debate around large- versus small-scale farming futures. Next, we unpack the diverse contexts and causes of land grabbing today, highlighting six overlapping mechanisms. The following section turns to assessing the crisis narratives that frame the justifications for land deals, and the flaws in the argument around there being excess, empty or idle land available. Next the paper turns to an examination of the impacts of land deals, and the processes of inclusion and exclusion at play, before looking at patterns of resistance and constructions of alternatives. The final section introduces the papers in the collection.ESR

Mind the (yield) gap(s)

This paper explores the origin of the notion of “yield gap” and its use as a framing device for agricultural policy in sub-Saharan Africa. The argument is that while the yield gap of policy discourse provides a simple and powerful framing device, it is most often used without the discipline or caveats associated with the best examples of its use in crop production ecology and microeconomics. This argument is developed by examining how yield gap is used in a selection of recent and influential agricultural policy documents. The message for policy makers and others is clear: “mind the (yield) gap(s)”, for they are seldom what they appear

Towards Customary Legal Empowerment

Rule of Law and Development: Formation, Implementation and Improvement of Law and Governance in Developing Countrie

APRA Working Paper 31

This study examines the processes of commercialisation in the cocoa sector in the Agricultural Policy Research in Africa (APRA) framework. This study examines the different processes of transformation that have occurred and are occurring within the cocoa sector, and the extent to which as forested lands disappear, farmers are transitioning out of cocoa or adopting new technologies and ways of producing cocoa. It also examines the extent to which the growing scarcity of land affects rural households and the changing terms on which people gain access to land, as it becomes a scarce commodity

In-vivo parasitological response to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in pregnant women in southern Malawi

BACKGROUND Malaria in pregnancy is a significant cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Malawi adopted intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxinepyrimethamine (SP) for the control of malaria in pregnancy in 1993. However there is little information on the in-vivo SP efficacy in pregnant women. This study was conducted to determine: prevalence of malaria and anaemia at the first antenatal visit and rate of parasitological failure to SP in pregnancy. METHODS A cross-sectional followed by a prospective cohort study was conducted in women attending antenatal care clinic at Montfort Hospital in Lower Shire Valley from June 2004 to February 2005. Women were screened for malaria and anaemia at the first antenatal visit. After taking SP under direct observation, women with malaria parasitaemia were followed up to day 14 to determine parasitological response. RESULTS Of 961 women screened, 9% had malaria, 77% had anaemia (HB<11.0g/dl), 24% had moderate anaemia (HB 7.0-8.9g/dl) and 6% had severe anaemia (HB<7.0g/dl). Malaria was significantly more frequent in primigravidae, the second trimester and in the post- rainy season (all p <0.05). Moderate anaemia (Hb < 9.0g/dl) was significantly more common in adolescents and primigravidae (both p <0.05). In the14-day follow up study, loss to follow up was 13%. Of the 74 women who completed the follow up, 89% cleared malaria parasites successfully and 11% had parasitological failure. Parasitological failures were all of the R1 type except for one with R2 failure. CONCLUSION Anaemia prevalence was high at first antenatal visit in this population. Rate of parasitological failure to SP in pregnancy increased from 5% in 1996 to 11% in 2004

In-vivo parasitological response to sulfadoxinepyrimethamine in pregnant women in southern Malawi

Background: Malaria in pregnancy is a significant cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Malawi adopted intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxinepyrimethamine (SP) for the control of malaria in pregnancy in 1993. However there is little information on the in-vivo SP efficacy in pregnant women. This study was conducted to determine: prevalence of malaria and anaemia at the first antenatal visit and rate of parasitological failure to SP in pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional followed by a prospective cohort study was conducted in women attending antenatal care clinic at Montfort Hospital in Lower Shire Valley from June 2004 to February 2005. Women were screened for malaria and anaemia at the first antenatal visit. After taking SP under direct observation, women with malaria parasitaemia were followed up to day 14 to determine parasitological response. Results: Of 961 women screened, 9% had malaria, 77% had anaemia (HB<11.0g/dl), 24% had moderate anaemia (HB 7.0-8.9g/dl) and 6% had severe anaemia (HB<7.0g/dl). Malaria was significantly more frequent in primigravidae, the second trimester and in the post- rainy season (all p <0.05). Moderate anaemia (Hb < 9.0g/dl) was significantly more common in adolescents and primigravidae (both p <0.05). In the14-day follow up study, loss to follow up was 13%. Of the 74 women who completed the follow up, 89% cleared malaria parasites successfully and 11% had parasitological failure. Parasitological failures were all of the R1 type except for one with R2 failure. Conclusion: Anaemia prevalence was high at first antenatal visit in this population. Rate of parasitological failure to SP in pregnancy increased from 5% in 1996 to 11% in 2004

Validation of gene editing efficiency with CRISPR-Cas9 system directly in rat zygotes using electroporation mediated delivery and embryo culture

Successful use of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for gene manipulation relies on identifying effective and efficient guide RNA sequences (gRNAs). When the goal is to create transgenic animal/rodent models by knocking-in desired sequences using homology-directed repair (HDR), selecting effective guides becomes even more critical to minimize developmental time and resources. Currently, validation experiments for gRNAs for generating rat models are carried out using immortalized rat cells. However, there are several limitations with using such cell lines, including ploidy of the genome, non-predictive transfection efficiency, and the ability to identify gene modifications efficiently within diverse cell populations. Since embryos are authentic representatives of live animals compared to cell lines, validating CRISPR guides for their nuclease activity in freshly isolated embryos will provide greater accuracy of in vivo gene editing efficiency. In contrast to microinjections, delivery by electroporation is a more accessible method that can be simple and does not require special skills and equipment. We demonstrate an accessible workflow to either delete or edit target genes in vivo in rats using the efficient editing of a human mutation in alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit (CHRNA7) ortholog using electroporation as a delivery method for CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes in rat embryos. • Upon identifying CRISPR targets at the desired genetic alteration site, we designed homologydriven repair (HDR) templates for effective and easy identification of gene editing by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). • Cultured rat embryos can be genotyped to assess CRISPR activity as seen by either presence of indels resulting from NHEJ or knock-in of repair template resulting from homology driven repair. • Heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) of PCR products can be performed reliably and reproducibly at a low-cost