Simulating anthropogenic impacts to bird communities in tropical rain forests

We used an aggregated modelling approach to simulate the impacts ofanthropogenic disturbances on the long-term dynamics of faunal diversityin tropical rain forests. We restricted our study to bird communities eventhough the approach is more general. We developed a model calledBIODIV which simulated the establishment of hypothetical bird speciesin a forest. Our model was based on the results of a simple matrix modelwhich calculated the spatio-temporal dynamics of a tropical rain forest inMalaysia. We analysed the establishment of bird species in a secondaryforest succession and the impacts of 60 different logging scenarios on thediversity of the bird community. Of the three logging parameters(cycle length, method, intensity), logging intensity had the most servereimpact on the bird community. In the worst case the number of bird specieswas reduced to 23% of the species richness found in a primary forest

Collectivity in the optical response of small metal clusters

The question whether the linear absorption spectra of metal clusters can be interpreted as density oscillations (collective ``plasmons'') or can only be understood as transitions between distinct molecular states is still a matter of debate for clusters with only a few electrons. We calculate the photoabsorption spectra of Na2 and Na5+ comparing two different methods: quantum fluid-dynamics and time-dependent density functional theory. The changes in the electronic structure associated with particular excitations are visualized in ``snapshots'' via transition densities. Our analysis shows that even for the smallest clusters, the observed excitations can be interpreted as intuitively understandable density oscillations. For Na5+, the importance of self-interaction corrections to the adiabatic local density approximation is demonstrated.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures. To appear in special issue of Applied Physics B, "Optical properties of Nanoparticles

Fission barriers and asymmetric ground states in the relativistic mean field theory

The symmetric and asymmetric fission path for 240Pu, 232Th, and 226Ra is investigated within the relativistic mean field model. Standard parametrizations which are well fitted to nuclear ground state properties are found to deliver reasonable qualitative and quantitative features of fission, comparable to similar nonrelativstic calculations. Furthermore, stable octupole deformations in the ground states of Radium isotopes are investigated. They are found in a series of isotopes, qualitatively in agreement with nonrelativistic models. But the quantitative details differ amongst the models and between the various relativsitic parametrizations.Comment: 30 pages RevTeX, 7 tables, 12 low resolution Gif figures (high resolution PostScript versions are available at http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~bender/nucl_struct_publications.html or at ftp://th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/pub/bender

Consequences of self-consistency violations in Hartree-Fock random-phase approximation calculations of the nuclear breathing mode energy

We provide for the first time accurate assessments of the consequences of violations of self-consistency in the Hartree-Fock based random phase approximation (RPA) as commonly used to calculate the energy $E_c$ of the nuclear breathing mode. Using several Skyrme interactions we find that the self-consistency violated by ignoring the spin-orbit interaction in the RPA calculation causes a spurious enhancement of the breathing mode energy for spin unsaturated systems. Contrarily, neglecting the Coulomb interaction in the RPA or performing the RPA calculations in the TJ scheme underestimates the breathing mode energy. Surprisingly, our results for the $^{90}$Zr and $^{208}$Pb nuclei for several Skyrme type effective nucleon-nucleon interactions having a wide range of nuclear matter incompressibility ($K_{nm} \sim 215 - 275$ MeV) and symmetry energy ($J \sim 27 - 37$ MeV) indicate that the net uncertainty ($\delta E_c \sim 0.3$ MeV) is comparable to the experimental one.Comment: Revtex file (11 pages), Accepted for the publication in Phys. Rev.

Pairing gaps from nuclear mean-field models

We discuss the pairing gap, a measure for nuclear pairing correlations, in chains of spherical, semi-magic nuclei in the framework of self-consistent nuclear mean-field models. The equations for the conventional BCS model and the approximate projection-before-variation Lipkin-Nogami method are formulated in terms of local density functionals for the effective interaction. We calculate the Lipkin-Nogami corrections of both the mean-field energy and the pairing energy. Various definitions of the pairing gap are discussed as three-point, four-point and five-point mass-difference formulae, averaged matrix elements of the pairing potential, and single-quasiparticle energies. Experimental values for the pairing gap are compared with calculations employing both a delta pairing force and a density-dependent delta interaction in the BCS and Lipkin-Nogami model. Odd-mass nuclei are calculated in the spherical blocking approximation which neglects part of the the core polarization in the odd nucleus. We find that the five-point mass difference formula gives a very robust description of the odd-even staggering, other approximations for the gap may differ from that up to 30% for certain nuclei.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in EPJ

Consequences of the center-of-mass correction in nuclear mean-field models

We study the influence of the scheme for the correction for spurious center-of-mass motion on the fit of effective interactions for self-consistent nuclear mean-field calculations. We find that interactions with very simple center-of-mass correction have significantly larger surface coefficients than interactions for which the center-of-mass correction was calculated for the actual many-body state during the fit. The reason for that is that the effective interaction has to counteract the wrong trends with nucleon number of all simplified schemes for center-of-mass correction which puts a wrong trend with mass number into the effective interaction itself. The effect becomes clearly visible when looking at the deformation energy of largely deformed systems, e.g. superdeformed states or fission barriers of heavy nuclei.Comment: 12 pages LATeX, needs EPJ style files, 5 eps figures, accepted for publication in Eur. Phys. J.