The Effect of Surface Sizing With Starch on Tensile & Tear

This survey of literature concerning surface sizing has been undertaken in an effort to compile in one paper the importance of surface sizing on strength properties, particularly tensile and tear. The use of starch in the modification of surface characteristics of a writing medium may actually be older than the art of paper manufacture itself. A considerable amount of literature on surface sizing showing the effect on surface improvements of the paper sheet is available, but very little work has been undertaken to study the effect of surface sizing on tensile and tear. Both their strength properties increased on surface sizing with low viscosity oxidized potato starch as compared to high viscosity starch, in which the latter case no significant effect was observed. High viscosity starch did not penetrate the sheet of paper, but rather stayed on the surface. This study showed that calendering after sizing operations should be reduced to a minimum to get improved tensile and tear. Otherwise, both these properties are appreciably reduced

Digital Solution of Power-flow Problems by Newton\u27s Method of Using a Hybrid Matrix

The last decade and a half has witnessed dramatic developments in the application of digital computers for solving power-flow problems. Previously these problems were analyzed on the direct analog computers called a-c calculating boards. With the enormous growth of the interconnected power systems during this period of time, digital computers established a distinct advantage over the analog computers for such reasons as: (a) Their ability to analyze large-size systems (with such features as automatic tap setting, automatic area interchange control, and control of reactive constraints of generators). (b) Elimination of human error in reading data and recording information on the system diagram. (c) Accessibility and economy in making only a few changes from the base case. (d) Availability of additional information such as the total transmission loss by easy extension of the power-flow program. The power-flow problem can be solved by both direct and iterative methods. In fact, all the methods are iterative in the sense that the load flow problem involves the solution of a system of nonlinear equations. However, the so-called direct methods employ the direct solution of a related linear system in the iterative algorithm, whereas the iterative methods use a scheme of successive displacements such as Gauss-Seidel. Newton\u27s method has an advantage over an iterative method because of its much faster (quadratic) convergence to a solution, thus saving computer time. The usual approach has been to use the bus admittance matrix for the network-defining equations. The purpose of this investigation has been to apply. Newton \u27s method for the solution of power-flow problems employing a hybrid matrix for the network-defining equations in order to confirm the possibility of affecting further saving in computer time. A sample 6-bus problem was solved on an. IBM 360 Model 40 computer with 1 28 K core memory with single precision programming for the precision indices of 1 x 10-3 and 1 x 10-S for real and reactive power mismatches at the busses. A double precision program was written for the precision index of 5 x l0-7. The hybrid matrix was formed by considering generator busses (1 and 2) as voltage-corrected and load busses (3 to 6) as current-corrected. Bus 1 is considered the swing bus

Fancy Charms as Realism Quizzes in Cosmic Convergence

A beginning fills a man with immense optimism as the journey appears long, uncertain but exciting, and at other times, it appears quizzical and immensely wearisome and yet a colossal waste. It is moment when one deliberates on the origin, as time seems inscrutable. Flight of fancy embarks on a voyage and so a search for deliverance is the objective, for one is witness to a few sacrifices, spiritual yearnings, metaphysical anxieties and intellectual probing, shallow forethought, facts life presents, routine acts, ennui, anxiety, distress  and mendacity in Cosmic Convergence. It opens up doors to a life of meaning and hope (Journal of January ibid), in a discreetly symbolic form, ‘And I feel /Our life is a /Suddenly stoning in skyscape.

Silicon Wet Bulk Micromachining for MEMS

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based sensors and actuators have become remarkably popular in the past few decades. Rapid advances have taken place in terms of both technologies and techniques of fabrication of MEMS structures. Wet chemical–based silicon bulk micromachining continues to be a widely used technique for the fabrication of microstructures used in MEMS devices. Researchers all over the world have contributed significantly to the advancement of wet chemical–based micromachining, from understanding the etching mechanism to exploring its application to the fabrication of simple to complex MEMS structures. In addition to its various benefits, one of the unique features of wet chemical–based bulk micromachining is the ability to fabricate slanted sidewalls, such as 45° walls as micromirrors, as well as freestanding structures, such as cantilevers and diaphragms. This makes wet bulk micromachining necessary for the fabrication of structures for myriad applications. This book provides a comprehensive understating of wet bulk micromachining for the fabrication of simple to advanced microstructures for various applications in MEMS. It includes introductory to advanced concepts and covers research on basic and advanced topics on wet chemical–based silicon bulk micromachining. The book thus serves as an introductory textbook for undergraduate- and graduate-level students of physics, chemistry, electrical and electronic engineering, materials science, and engineering, as well as a comprehensive reference for researchers working or aspiring to work in the area of MEMS and for engineers working in microfabrication technology

A Comprehensive Review on Convex and Concave Corners in Silicon Bulk Micromachining based on Anisotropic Wet Chemical Etching

Wet anisotropic etching based silicon micromachining is an important technique to fabricate freestanding (e.g. cantilever) and fixed (e.g. cavity) structures on different orientation silicon wafers for various applications in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). {111} planes are the slowest etch rate plane in all kinds of anisotropic etchants and therefore, a prolonged etching always leads to the appearance of {111} facets at the sidewalls of the fabricated structures. In wet anisotropic etching, undercutting occurs at the extruded corners and the curved edges of the mask patterns on the wafer surface. The rate of undercutting depends upon the type of etchant and the shape of mask edges and corners. Furthermore, the undercutting takes place at the straight edges if they do not contain {111} planes. {100} and {110} silicon wafers are most widely used in MEMS as well as microelectronics fabrication. This paper reviews the fabrication techniques of convex corner on {100} and {110} silicon wafers using anisotropic wet chemical etching. Fabrication methods are classified mainly into two major categories: corner compensation method and two-steps etching technique . In corner compensation method, extra mask pattern is added at the corner. Due to extra geometry, etching is delayed at the convex corner and hence the technique relies on time delayed etching. The shape and size of the compensating design strongly depends on the type of etchant, etching depth and the orientation of wafer surface. In this paper, various kinds of compensating designs published so far are discussed. Two-step etching method is employed for the fabrication of perfect convex corners. Since the perfectly sharp convex corner is formed by the intersection of {111} planes, each step of etching defines one of the facets of convex corners. In this method, two different ways are employed to perform the etching process and therefore can be subdivided into two parts. In one case, lithography step is performed after the first step of etching, while in the second case, all lithography steps are carried out before the etching process, but local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) process is done after the first step of etching. The pros and cons of all techniques are discussed

Composition, productivity and impact of grazing on the biodiversity of a grazing land in Almora District

Biodiversity of Almora district is heavily affected in the areas with heavy grazing pressure, although moderate grazing enhanced the biodiversity of the area. In the present study site a total of 45 herbaceous species were present and therophytes were dominant among them. Live shoot biomass of plants varied from 175.0±3.5 to 1862.0±5.75 kg/ha and 87.0±3.25 to 1303.0±7.50 kg/ha in ungrazed and grazed plots respectively. Aboveground primary productivity was significantly higher on control plot (3082.2 kg/ha) over grazed plot (2644.0 kg/ha). The average bite frequency per hour was recorded maximum for goats (1106.5 bite/hr) and least for buffalos (920 bites/hr). The monthly dry matter consumption per animal was amounted to 157.15, 154.51, 68.66 and 61.34 kg for cow, buffalo, sheep and goat respectively under nomadic open grazing. The percent herbage exploitation was observed maximum by sheep (9.82%) and minimum by buffalo (8.75%)

Psychiatric morbidity in epilepsy

Background: Psychiatric morbidity occurs more frequently in patients with epilepsy than in the general population. Routine evaluation and treatment of psychiatric morbidity can be helpful in improving epilepsy care but such data are relatively meagre from developing countries.Methods: The study was conducted in the Epilepsy Clinic of Department of Neurology at a tertiary care hospital over a period of one year.101 patients were included after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. All the patients seeking treatment in the OPD were screened, assessed and then all procedures were fully explained to them. History regarding name, age sex, socio-demographic profile and detailed history regarding seizure disorder was taken from both the patient and the reliable informant. Bengali version of SRQ-24 was used to screen for psychiatric morbidity.Results: One hundred and one patients with epilepsy consisting of 70 men (69.3%) and 31 women (30.7%) were included. Their ages ranged from 15 to 52, the mean age being 26.17 (SD = 7.84). Out of the 101 patients, 65 patients (64.4%) were suffering from partial epilepsies and 36 patients (35.6%) were suffering from generalized epilepsies. 50.49% of the subjects screened positive for psychiatric morbidity. Psychiatric morbidity was higher in unmarried, unemployed males from rural background who were suffering from generalized epilepsy and taking multiple antiepileptic medications. Psychiatric morbidity was statistically significant in people with poor education and those born at home (p<0.05) as compared to well educated, institutionally born persons.Conclusions: 50.49% of the subjects screened positive for psychiatric morbidity