Production of milk foams by steam injection: the effects of steam pressure and nozzle design

Foam properties depend on the physico-chemical characteristics of the continuous phase, the method of production and process conditions employed; however the preparation of barista-style milk foams in coffee shops by injection of steam uses milk as its main ingredient which limits the control of foam properties by changing the biochemical characteristics of the continuous phase. Therefore, the control of process conditions and nozzle design are the only ways available to produce foams with diverse properties. Milk foams were produced employing different steam pressures (100-280 kPa gauge) and nozzle designs (ejector, plunging-jet and confined-jet nozzles). The foamability of milk, and the stability, bubble size and texture of the foams were investigated. Variations in steam pressure and nozzle design changed the hydrodynamic conditions during foam production, resulting in foams having a range of properties. Steam pressure influenced foam characteristics, although the net effect depended on the nozzle design used. These results suggest that, in addition to the physicochemical determinants of milk, the foam properties can also be controlled by changing the steam pressure and nozzle design

Bilateral congenital diaphragmatic eventration: An unusual cause of respiratory distress in an infant

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Activity Measurements on the Al-rich Region of Ni-Al System - A High Temperature Mass Spectrometric Study : Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Ferdinand Sommer on the occasion of his 65th birthday

Systematic vaporisation studies on the Ni-Al system with 0.32 <= x(Ni) <= 0.50 were carried out in the temperature range 1077-1592 K by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. While Al(g) was the vapour species observed over all the samples, Ni(g) was also detected over samples with the compositions x(Ni) = 0.50 and 0.49. From the p(Al)-T relations, activities of Al, and subsequently activities of Ni (by Gibbs-Duhem integration) were obtained. Moreover, partial and integral molar enthalpies and Gibbs energies of formation were evaluated. The variation of activities and other thermodynamic properties with composition are discussed. The enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation of Ni0.5Al0.5(s) at 298.15 K were obtained as Delta H-f(m)o = -62.1 +/- 4.2 U mol and A(f)G(m)(o) = -57.7 +/- 1.2 U mol respectively. This is the first time that a systematic mass spectrometric investigation has been carried out on the aluminium rich region of Ni-Al system where the vacancy concentration in the NiAl phase can be as high as 10%

Epidemiology and genetics of dilated cardiomyopathy in the Indian context

Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) still remains to be a poorly understood and less analyzed group of cardiac-muscle disorders when compared to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Also, the vast clinical heterogeneity among the patients has rendered the small and isolated kindred studies less informative on the genetics and epidemiology of DCM. Aim of the study: The study aimed at understanding the epidemiology and genetics of DCMs in the Indian context. Materials and methods/ Statistical analysis: One hundred seven DCM patients and 105 healthy individuals were included in the study for epidemiological and genetic risk factor identification and to fit the possible mode of inheritance. Single′s ascertainment methodology for segregation analysis and Penrose frequency estimates were followed to evaluate for the role of specific epidemiological factors in the disease etiology. Chi-square analysis was carried out to interpret the results statistically. Results and Conclusion: Our study suggests that epidemiological factors like gender, age at onset and vegetarian diet in conjunction with sarcomere gene mutations may play a role in the disease expression. Similarly, segregation analysis for the possible mode of inheritance showed a deviation from the autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, strengthening the underlying genetic heterogeneity of DCM

Developing an objective function to characterize the tradeoffs in salting out and the foam and droplet fractionation processes

There are many methods for separating and purifying proteins from dilute solutions, such as salting out/precipitation, adsorption/chromatography, foam fractionation, and droplet fractionation. In order to determine the optimal condition for a selected separation and purification process, an objective function is developed. The objective function consists of three parameters, which are the protein mass recovery, the separation ratio, and the enzymatic activity ratio. In this paper the objective function is determined as a function of the pH of the bulk solution for egg albumin, cellulase, and sporamin (for foam fractionation) and invertase ( for droplet fractionation). It is found that the optimal pH for all the systems except for cellulase is near their isoelectric point

Studies to Improve the Flotation Recovery in the Benefi-ciation of a Complex mixed Sulphide-Oxide Ore from Malanjkhand, India

Effect of complex ore mineralogy on the flotation kinetics of a copper ore was investigated through extensive batch flotation testwork conducted on a mixed sulphide -oxide ore from Malanjkhand, India. Increase in xanthate dosage caused a significant improvement in the flotation kinetics of secondary sulphides but not of malachite . Sulphidization-flotation was observed to be most effective in the sulphide ion electrode potential( SIE) range of -500 to -600 mV. Alternatively, the flot-ation kinetics of oxidized minerals could also be enhanced using a xanthate -hydroxamate reagent combination