Maîtrise de la fécondité et planification familiale au Sud

L'article situe d'abord le contexte dans lequel s'opèrent les programmes de planification familiale en Côte d'Ivoire. Le gouvernement a apporté un soutien aux programmes de planification familiale puisque leurs objectifs étaient de réduire les taux de mortalité maternelle et infantile, mais a laissé l'initiative de la réalisation de ces programmes aux ONG et aux institutions internationales. La région d'Aboisso (sud-est de la Côte d'Ivoire) est une zone pilote d'implantation des programmes de planification familiale, car la fécondité y est forte. Un bilan est dressé un an après l'implantation de ce programme. Le succès est limité puisque la prévalence contraceptive moyenne reste faible, mais les intentions d'utiliser une méthode contraceptive sont élevées chez les jeunes femmes et les hommes. L'article conclut en évoquant le facteur de blocage à l'utilisation à la contraception que pourrait être la situation de crise actuelle, avec notamment la baisse du niveau de scolarisation. (Résumé d'auteur

Étude anatomique de plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle en pays Abbey et Krobou, au Sud de la Côte-d’Ivoire

Bambusa vulgaris, Boerhavia diffusa, Chromolaena odorata, Clerodendrum inerme et Ocimum gratissimum, sont des plantes souvent sollicitées en médecine traditionnelle par les tradithérapeutes du Département d’Agboville (Côte-d’Ivoire), pour traiter diverses pathologies préoccupantes (asthme, diabète, diarrhée, fièvre typhoïde, hypertension artérielle et paludisme). L’étude anatomique de ces plantes, par la méthode classique de coloration des tissus à partir du carmino-vert, montre deux groupes de tissus: des tissus primaires (bois, cellules bulbiformes, collenchyme, épiderme, liber, sclérenchyme ainsi que divers parenchymes: cortical, fondamental, palissadique, lacuneux, médullaire) et des tissus secondaires (bois et liber). Les plantes étudiées se rencontrent dans différents habitats grâce à des structures anatomiques adaptées. Trois d’entre elles (Bambusa vulgaris, Chromolaena odorata et Ocimum gratissimum) apparaissent comme des plantes de milieu humide, adaptées à vivre en milieu sec. Les 2 autres plantes (Boerhavia diffusa et Clerodendrum inerme) habitent les lieux découverts et se développent sur un sol sec. Chez ces dernières, on observe un parenchyme palissadique ainsi qu’un épiderme cutinisé et des poils épidermiques, susceptibles de masquer les stomates et de réduire l’évapotranspiration. D’autres particularités anatomiques (cellules à tanins, parenchyme chlorophyllien dans la tige de Ocimum gratissimum et cellules bulbiformes chez Bambusa vulgaris) sont visibles.Mots clés: Agboville, Ethnopharmacologie, Histologie végétale, Tradithérapeut

Étude de quelques Trachelomonas Ehr. (Euglenophyta) nouveaux ou peu connus pour la Côte d’Ivoire

La presente etude taxinomique, effectuee au microscope photonique, porte sur des prelevements effectues au filet a plancton de 20 µm de vide de maille dans les rivieres Agneby et Bia, dans le Sud de la Cote dfIvoire. Elle fait suite aux cinquante-huit taxons du meme genre Trachelomonas Ehr.  (Euglenophyta) deja decrits au microscope electronique a balayage et vise a faire connaitre 22 taxons dont 19 non encore signales et 3 peu connus (rares) en Cote dfIvoire : Trachelomonas armata (Ehrenberg) Stein fo. inevoluta Deflandre, Tr dubia Swirenko emend. Deflandre et Tr lefevrei Deflandre. Les echantillons ont ete preleves entre 1995 et 2000. Sur les vingt-deux (22) taxons decrits, on compte onze (11) especes, sept (7) varietes et quatre (4) formes. Mots cles : Taxinomie, Trachelomonas, Euglenophyta, eau douce, Sud Cote dfIvoire

Spéciation chimique des éléments traces métalliques dans un environnement lagunaire confiné: La baie de Bietry

L’analyse des concentrations métalliques déterminées pour les sédiments de la baie de Biétry a permis d’évaluer le niveau de pollution. Les métaux non pollués (classe 0 et 1) sont : Th, Co, V, Ni, Ag et Sb, avec des proportions qui varient de 55 à 70%. Les métaux pollués (classes 2, 3, 5, 6) présentent des proportions variant de 100 à 70%. Il s’agit de Cr, Mo, As, U, Pb, Cd, Zn et Cu. Les résultats des extractions sélectives effectuées ont permis de déterminer le potentiel de mobilité et de disponibilité biologique de ces ETM (Eléments Traces Métalliques) polluants. Ainsi le gradient de biodisponibilité dans la baie de Biétry s’établit comme suit: Ni>Co>Zn et dans une moindre mesure V>Cu>As>Th>Mo>Pb>Sb. Dans les phases porteuses des ETM, la fraction résiduelle est la plus dominante pour tous les métaux à l’exception de Zn et Mo. Du polluant le plus mobile au moins mobile, nous avons obtenu l’ordre suivant: Zn, Ni, Pb, Co, Th, Mo, As, Sb, Cr.Mots clés: Igeo, pollution, biodisponibilité, spéciation métalliqu

Evaluation of in vivo pathogenicity of Candida species isolated from palm wine and sorghum beer in a murine model

Since Candida species frequently isolated in hospitals have been found in food processing environments, their presence in palm wine and sorghum beer may be of some clinical significance. This study was carried out to assess the in vivo pathogenicity of Candida strains isolated from these traditional beverages. Thus, ten potentially pathogenic strains were used to inoculate immunocompromised rat models by gavage and observed up to 30 days post-inoculation. On contrary to the control rats, the body weights of the animals inoculated with all the studied strains decreased over time, passing from 105-111 g to 89-98 g. Furthermore, the amount of white blood cells and platelets significantly increased while the red blood cell counts decreased, except those inoculated with Kluyveromyces marxianus strains. The blood smears taken at day-30 showed yeast cells in 60% of the inoculated rats. All strains in the study, except Candida tropicalis S10 and S13, were detected in the kidney with loads ranging from 2.58 to 7.24 log (CFU/g). In the liver, C. tropicalis S17, K. marxianus S87 and K. marxianus S2 were not detected. Thus, palm wine and sorghum beer yeast strains, mainly C. rugosa, C. inconspicua and C. tropicalis strains are capable of inducing candidemia

Sustaining control of Schistosomiasis mansoni in western Côte d'Ivoire : results from a SCORE study, one year after initial praziquantel administration

The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE) has launched several large-scale trials to determine the best strategies for gaining and sustaining control of schistosomiasis and transitioning toward elimination. In Côte d'Ivoire, a 5-year cluster-randomized trial is being implemented in 75 schools to sustain the control of schistosomiasis mansoni. We report Schistosoma mansoni infection levels in children one year after the initial school-based treatment (SBT) with praziquantel and compare with baseline results to determine the effect of the intervention.; The baseline cross-sectional survey was conducted in late 2011/early 2012 and the first follow-up in May 2013. Three consecutive stool samples were collected from 9- to 12-year-old children in 75 schools at baseline and 50 schools at follow-up. Stool samples were subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears. Directly observed treatment (DOT) coverage of the SBT was assessed and the prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infection compared between baseline and follow-up.; The S. mansoni prevalence in the 75 schools surveyed at baseline was 22.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 19.5-24.4%). The DOT coverage was 84.2%. In the 50 schools surveyed at baseline and one year after treatment, the overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection decreased significantly from 19.7% (95% CI: 18.5-20.8%) to 12.8% (95% CI: 11.9-13.8%), while the arithmetic mean S. mansoni eggs per gram of stool (EPG) among infected children slightly increased from 92.2 EPG (95% CI: 79.2-105.3 EPG) to 109.3 EPG (95% CI: 82.7-135.9 EPG). In two of the 50 schools, the prevalence increased significantly, despite a DOT coverage of >75%.; One year after the initial SBT, the S. mansoni prevalence had decreased. Despite this positive trend, an increase was observed in some schools. Moreover, the infection intensity among S. mansoni-infected children was slightly higher at the 1-year follow-up compared to the baseline situation. Our results emphasize the heterogeneity of transmission dynamics and provide a benchmark for the future yearly follow-up surveys of this multi-year SCORE intervention study

Effet de la densite sur les parametres dendrometriques D'Acacia auriculaeformis en association avec le cocotier (Cocos nucifera L.) sur sables quaternaires en C&#244te d'Ivoire

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The diurnal primate community of the Tanoé Forest: species composition, relative abundance, distribution, polyspecific associations and conservation status

The Tanoé Forest is located within the original distribution area of the Miss Waldron red colobus (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), the diana roloway (Cercopithecus diana roloway) and the white napped mangabey (Cercocebus atys lunulatus). These three monkey species are classified by IUCN among the 25 most threatened monkeys of the world. Surveys conducted in their believed distribution area in Côte d’Ivoire from 2004 to 2007 highlighted an advanced degradation of habitats, an intensive hunting activity and a subsequent local extinction of some primate species. Field survey conducted in the Tanoé Swamp Forest shown that there is an exception in this dramatic context since this forest still housing threatened species such as the Diana roloway, the white-napped mangabey, and other monkeys of conservation concern: the Geoffroy’s colobus (Colobus vellerosus) and the olive colobus (Procolobus verus), and probably a viable Miss Waldron monkeys population (Piliocolobus waldronae). In addition, this forest hosts the Lowe’s guenon (Cercopithecus campbelli lowei) and the lesser spot-nosed guenon (Cercopithecus petaurista petaurista), that are widespread in the Tanoé Swamp Forest.Keywords: Tanoé forest, primate community, endangered, Swamp Forest, distributio

A new class of insecticide for malaria vector control: evaluation of mosquito nets treated singly with indoxacarb (oxadiazine) or with a pyrethroid mixture against Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus.

BACKGROUND: Universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets (LLIN) or indoor residual spraying (IRS) of houses remain the primary strategies for the control of mosquito vectors of malaria. Pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors are widespread throughout sub-Saharan Africa and new insecticides with different modes of action are urgently needed if malaria vector control is to remain effective. Indoxacarb is an oxadiazine insecticide that is effective as an oral and contact insecticide against a broad spectrum of agricultural pests and, due to its unique site of action, no cross-resistance has been detected through mechanisms associated with resistance to insecticides currently used in public health. METHODS: WHO tunnel tests of host seeking mosquitoes were carried out as a forerunner to experimental hut trials, to provide information on dosage-dependent mortality, repellency, and blood-feeding inhibition. A dosage range of indoxacarb treated netting (100-1000 mg/m(2)) was tested against a pyrethroid susceptible strain of Anopheles gambiae. In addition, efficacy of indoxacarb 500 mg/m(2) was compared with a standard pyrethroid formulation against pyrethroid susceptible and resistant Culex quinquefasciatus. Dosages between 25 and 300 mg/m(2) indoxacarb were tested in tunnel tests and in ball-frame bioassays as mixtures with alphacypermethrin 25 mg/m(2) and were compared with singly applied treatments against an insectary reared pyrethroid resistant strain of Cx. quinquefasciatus originally collected in Cotonou, Benin. RESULTS: There was a dosage-dependent response in terms of indoxacarb induced mortality, with dosages >100 mg/m(2) producing the best mortality response. In tunnel tests indoxacarb 500 mg/m(2) exceeded WHOPES thresholds with >80 % mortality of adult An. gambiae and blood-feeding inhibition of 75 %. No cross-resistance to indoxacarb was detected through mechanisms associated with resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and was equally effective against susceptible and resistant strains of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Indoxacarb 500 mg/m(2) killed 75 % of pyrethroid resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus compared with only 21 % mortality with alphacypermethrin 40 mg/m(2). Mixtures of indoxacarb with pyrethroid produced an additive response for both mortality and blood-feeding inhibition. The best performing mixture (indoxacarb 200 mg/m(2) + alphacypermethrin 25 mg/m(2)) killed 83 % of pyrethroid resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus and reduced blood-feeding by 88 %, while alphacypermethrin only killed 36 % and inhibited blood-feeding by 50 %. CONCLUSIONS: New insecticides with different modes of action to those currently used in mosquito vector control are urgently needed. Indoxacarb shows great promise as a mixture with a pyrethroid and should be evaluated in experimental hut trials to determine performance against wild free-flying, pyrethroid resistant An. gambiae and wash-resistant formulations developed