Building capacity without disrupting health services: public health education for Africa through distance learning

The human resources crisis in Africa is especially acute in the public health field. Through distance education, the School of Public Health of the University of the Western Cape, South Africa, has provided access to master's level public health education for health professionals from more than 20 African countries while they remain in post. Since 2000, interest has increased overwhelmingly to a point where four times more applications are received than can be accommodated. This home-grown programme remains sensitive to the needs of the target learners while engaging them in high-quality learning applied in their own work contexts

Where There Is No Health Research: What Can Be Done to Fill the Global Gaps in Health Research?

As part of a cluster of articles leading up to the 2012 World Health Report and critically reflecting on the theme of “no health without research," Martin McKee and colleagues examine the question of what to do to build capacity in the many countries around the world where health research is virtually non-existent

The role of locus of control in nyaope addiction treatment

Background: Nyaope addiction is a significant health and social problem affecting some South African communities. With reported nyaope rehabilitation success rates of less than 3% and estimated dropout rates of 40%, improvement in the rehabilitation rates is essential. As locus of control (LOC) is a recognised predictive factor in the onset of substance use and rehabilitation outcomes, a rehabilitation programme aligned to the LOC orientation of the user could result in improved recovery outcomes. This study aimed to determine the LOC of nyaope users.Methods: Consenting adult male and female nyaope users voluntary participated in this quantitative study. After convenient sampling, 115 nyaope users admitted to drug rehabilitation centres registered and funded by the Gauteng Department of Social Development and 106 nyaope users from the streets of urban areas of Tshwane completed a self-administered validated questionnaire. LOC orientation was determined by giving participants 13 statements from which they had to choose the option that best described their situation in relation to drug addiction.Results: A total of 24.5% (47/192) of the respondents could be classified as having an external LOC orientation while 75.5% (145/192) were classified as having an internal LOC orientation.Conclusions: By determining the LOC orientation of a nyaope user, rehabilitation programmes could be aligned to suit the personality of the user leading to a better chance of successful recovery with fewer cases of readmission

Knowledge of Students Attending a High School in Pretoria, South Africa, on Diet, Nutrition and Exercise

Objective: The objective of this study was to ascertain the knowledge of students on the composition of a healthy diet, daily nutritional requirements and the importance of regular exercise. Method: A cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions to assess students’ knowledge on diet, nutrition and exercise was conducted. The study group were students of Tswaing High School in Pretoria, South Africa, who were in attendance on a particular day when the study was conducted and who consented to participate in the study. Only 500 students of the school participated in the study. Results: Results showed that 77% of the students do not have adequate knowledge on diet, nutrition and exercise while 23% of the students showed satisfactory knowledge. Approximately 26% and 16% of the students reported that they participated in rigorous and moderate exercise respectively. The study also showed that the majority of the students were however not engaged in physical activities. Conclusion: Students at Tswaing High School do not have adequate knowledge on nutrition, diet and exercise. Their views on what exercise entails were found not to be satisfactory. Programmes/ information or seminars that could assist to inform students on the importance of diet and exercise are therefore suggested. Keywords: Exercise, informal settlement, knowledge, nutrition, unhealthy lifestyle "Conocimientos de los Estudiantes que Asisten a una Escuela Secundaria de Pretoria, África del Sur, Acerca de las Dietas, la Nutrición y los Ejercicios" RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre la composición de una dieta saludable, los requisitos nutritivos diarios, y la importancia de realizar ejercicios de forma regular. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal usando una encuesta auto-administrada con preguntas cerradas y abiertas, a fin de evaluar el conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre las dietas, la nutrición y los ejercicios. El grupo del estudio estuvo formado por estudiantes de la Escuela Secundaria Tswaing en Pretoria, África del Sur, que estaban presentes el día cuando se llevó a cabo el estudio, y estuvieron de acuerdo en participar en dicho estudio. Sólo 500 estudiantes de la escuela participaron en el estudio. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el 77% de los estudiantes no tienen conocimientos adecuados sobre la dieta, la nutrición y los ejercicios, mientras que el 23% de los estudiantes mostraron conocimientos satisfactorios. Aproximadamente el 26% y el 16% de los estudiantes reportaron haber participado en ejercicios rigurosos y moderados respectivamente. Sin embargo, el estudio también mostró que la mayoría de los estudiantes no participaban en actividades físicas. Conclusión: Los estudiantes en la escuela secundaria de Tswaing no tienen conocimientos adecuados sobre nutrición, dieta y ejercicios. Se halló que sus opiniones sobre lo que los ejercicios implican, no eran satisfactorias. Por lo tanto, se sugieren programas de información o seminarios que puedan ayudar a informar a los estudiantes acerca de la importancia de la dieta y los ejercicios. Palabras claves: Ejercicios, asentamiento informal, conocimientos, nutrición, estilo de vida no saludable

Processing and Utilization of Sorghum and Maize in Botswana: Current Status and Opportunities

The study reviews the current sorghum and maize production, processing and utilization in Botswana. Most of the grains produced in Botswana are used for home consumption, while processing of commercial and export commodities are limited both in terms of quantity and extent of processing. The major processing activity by both small scale and large scale firms is grain milling into maize and sorghum flours. There is limited value-added commercial processing. This creates an opportunity for development and marketing of traditional and new value-added products. Opportunities for expanding and diversifying industrial or semi-industrial processing of maize and sorghum beyond grain milling are suggested

Effect of submaximal warm-up exercise on exercise-induced Asthma in African School Children

Background: Regular physical activity has long been regarded as an important component of a healthy lifestyle. Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is one of the major problems interfering with the performance of exercise. A warm-up exercise programme has been cited as a non-pharmacologic means of reducing EIA, but its effect has not been fully elucidated. Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of unrecognized EIA in Pretoria primary school children, determine the effect of a warm-up exercise programme on EIA and to establish the relationship between history of allergy, family history of asthma and EIA. Methods: A random sample of 640 school children was selected. The study was divided into three phases. In phase one, a descriptive cross-sectional study was done using the standardized European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) questionnaire. In phase two, non-asthmatic participants that returned a completed questionnaire were included in the field study. Pre-test and post-test experimental designs were used, where peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was measured at baseline and within ten minutes after exercise. A total of 340 subjects completed the Free Running Asthma Screening Test (FRAST); EIA was defined as a decrease in baseline PEFR ≥ 10% after exercise and 75 children (22%) had EIA. In phase three, 29 of the 75 subjects participated in the warm-up programme which was performed in the laboratory and subjects acted as their own controls. Predefined protocols for the study were followed. Results: Seventy-five (22%) of the 340 participants had EIA. The mean age, height and weight were 10.51 years, 139.26 cm and 33.45 kg, respectively. Exercise-induced asthma symptoms were cough (25%), chest pain (16%), wheeze (12%) and chest tightness (12%). The history of allergy was 75%, family history of allergy 40% and positive history of allergy when near animals, feathers or in dusty areas 38%. Wheezing during or after exercise, wheezing when near animals, feathers or in dusty areas and chest pain was significant (p < 0.05). The mean PEFR after exercise without warm-up was 4.43 L/min. The mean PEFR after exercise (warm-up) was 4.98. The mean percentage change in PEFR between exercise without warm-up and exercise with warm-up was 14.83%. The paired t-test showed a significant difference between PEFR with warm-up and PEFR without warm-up (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of EIA among study participants. Exercise-induced asthma symptoms were significant for wheezing and chest pain. Exercise after warm-up was significant in reducing EIA. This study reports the effect of warm-up exercise on EIA and highlights the need to screen school children for EIA

Process and impact evaluation of the Odi youth centre regarding behavioural change towards HIV/AIDS

ArticleThe objective of HIV prevention interventions is that young people would not only have a potential to protect them from being infected but also to shape their lives in a positive way, hence we evaluated the process and impact of a youth centre regarding behavioural change towards HIV/AIDS. This is an evaluative descriptive study using a qualitative research method. For process evaluation, in-depth, interviews were conducted among the staff, groundbreakers (role models) and volunteers working in the youth centre. From the interview conducted, it was reported that the youth centers are effective in keeping the youth out of the streets, educating them about HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, teenage pregnancy, sexuality and sexual health education. Youth centers provide valuable opportunity to inculcate in youth the dream of a better future and to avert the chances of HIV-infection. Lessons and behavior learnt at this stage will be carried to adulthood. The life skills they acquire from the youth centre are invaluable and recommendations on how to improve quality and service delivery are highlighted

Knowledge of students attending a high school in Pretoria, South Africa, on diet, nutrition and exercise

Objective: The objective of this study was to ascertain the knowledge of students on the composition of a healthy diet, daily nutritional requirements and the importance of regular exercise. Method: A cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions to assess students’ knowledge on diet, nutrition and exercise was conducted. The study group were students of Tswaing High School in Pretoria, South Africa, who were in attendance on a particular day when the study was conducted and who consented to participate in the study. Only 500 students of the school participated in the study. Results: Results showed that 77% of the students do not have adequate knowledge on diet, nutrition and exercise while 23% of the students showed satisfactory knowledge. Approximately 26% and 16% of the students reported that they participated in rigorous and moderate exercise respectively. The study also showed that the majority of the students were however not engaged in physical activities. Conclusion: Students at Tswaing High School do not have adequate knowledge on nutrition, diet and exercise. Their views on what exercise entails were found not to be satisfactory. Programmes/ information or seminars that could assist to inform students on the importance of diet and exercise are therefore suggested