66 research outputs found
Numerical study of the normal current density behaviour in a narrow - gap glow discharge
A numerical study of normal glow discharge properties was performed in the
case of small electrodes separations (0.05-0.4 cm) and moderate gas pressures
(10-46 Torr). A recently observed new experimental effect of a considerable
reduction in the normal current density for smaller discharge lengths was
analyzed both by means of 2D fluid model and by a minimal 1D drift model of gas
discharge. A good agreement between theoretical and experimental behaviour was
demonstrated. An influence of the electrodes separation and of the gas heating
on the value of the normal current density is discussed.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figure
Chinese-chi and Kundalini yoga Meditations Effects on the Autonomic Nervous System: Comparative Study
Cardiac disease is one of the major causes for death
all over the world. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a significant
parameter that used in assessing Autonomous Nervous System
(ANS) activity. Generally, the 2D Poincareβ² plot and 3D PoincarΓ©
plot of the HRV signals reflect the effect of different external stimuli
on the ANS. Meditation is one of such external stimulus, which
has different techniques with different types of effects on the ANS.
Chinese Chi-meditation and Kundalini yoga are two different
effective meditation techniques. The current work is interested with
the analysis of the HRV signals under the effect of these two based on
meditation techniques. The 2D and 3D Poincareβ² plots are generally
plotted by fitting respectively an ellipse/ellipsoid to the dense region
of the constructed Poincareβ² plot of HRV signals. However, the
2D and 3D PoincarΓ© plots sometimes fail to describe the proper
behaviour of the system. Thus in this study, a three-dimensional
frequency-delay plot is proposed to properly distinguish these two
famous meditation techniques by analyzing their effects on ANS.
This proposed 3D frequency-delay plot is applied on HRV signals
of eight persons practicing same Chi-meditation and four other
persons practising same Kundalini yoga. To substantiate the result
for larger sample of data, statistical Student t-test is applied, which
shows a satisfactory result in this context. The experimental results
established that the Chi-meditation has large impact on the HRV
compared to the Kundalini yoga
Metabolic syndrome severity score: range and associations with cardiovascular risk factors
Introduction: Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score (MSSS) is a new clinical prediction rule (CPR) for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions and employs available components (sex, age, race, systolic blood pressure, waistline circumference, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides and fasting blood glucose). The aim of our work was to perform cross-sectional pilot trial on middle-aged healthy volunteers and patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for studying feasibility and implementation of MSSS and its associations with cardiovascular risk factors.Material and methods: We approached 64 eligible participants from Bulgaria. The MSSS values, together with demographic, anthropometric, medical history, laboratory findings, CVD risk factors, QRISK2 score for 10-year cardiovascular risk and predicted heart age, were analysed. Descriptive statistics with tests for comparison (e.g., t-test, c2) between groups as well as ANOVA and logistic regression were applied. Results: We analysed data from 56 participants (aged 50.11 Β±3.43 years). The MSSS was higher in MetS patients (including 6 T2DM patients) than in controls (n = 29; 51.8%) presented as percentiles (69.97% and 34.41%, respectively) and z-scores (0.60 and β0.45, respectively) (p < 0.05). The logistic regression model of MSSS indicated a positive association with MetS/T2DM cases (correctness > 85%, p < 0.01). For further validation purposes, positive correlations of MSSS with CVDrisk factor as diastolic blood pressure (Rho = 0.399; p < 0.003) and QRISK2 score (Rho = 0.524; p < 0.001) or predicted heart age (Rho = 0.368; p < 0.007) were also found.Conclusions: The pilot study of MSSS in Bulgaria indicated feasibility and consistency of its implementation among patients with metabolic syndrome and/or T2DM and healthy volunteers
Direct Classification of Type 2 Diabetes From Retinal Fundus Images in a Population-based Sample From The Maastricht Study
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder that can lead to
blindness and cardiovascular disease. Information about early stage T2D might
be present in retinal fundus images, but to what extent these images can be
used for a screening setting is still unknown. In this study, deep neural
networks were employed to differentiate between fundus images from individuals
with and without T2D. We investigated three methods to achieve high
classification performance, measured by the area under the receiver operating
curve (ROC-AUC). A multi-target learning approach to simultaneously output
retinal biomarkers as well as T2D works best (AUC = 0.746 [0.001]).
Furthermore, the classification performance can be improved when images with
high prediction uncertainty are referred to a specialist. We also show that the
combination of images of the left and right eye per individual can further
improve the classification performance (AUC = 0.758 [0.003]), using a
simple averaging approach. The results are promising, suggesting the
feasibility of screening for T2D from retinal fundus images.Comment: to be published in the proceeding of SPIE - Medical Imaging 2020, 6
pages, 1 figur
Notes on phytosociology of Juniperus excelsa in Macedonia (southern Balkan Peninsula)
Juniperus excelsa is an East Mediterranean species found also in marginal, sub-mediterranean regions of the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula. It prefers shallow soils in the warmest habitats of the zone of thermophilous deciduous forests. In the past the rank of alliance and the name of Juniperion excelsae-foetidissimae have been suggested for the vegetation dominated by Juniperus excelsa in the Balkan Peninsula. In this paper we present the valid description of the alliance in accordance with the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. The validation of the Juniperion excelsae-foetidissimae required description of a new association - the Querco trojanae-Juniperetum excelsae. The Juniperion excelsae-foetidissimae is classified within the order of Quercetalia pubescentis Klika 1933 (the Quercetea pubescentis Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni et Passarge 1959)
Foreign affairs strategy of the Republic of Macedonia from 2006 to 2015
Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Π°Π²Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ°Π½ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ: ΠΠ° Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅?; Π£ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠ°?; ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»Π°?; ΠΠ° Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ½Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°?
Π£ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ Π±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ, Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ Π΄Π° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π° Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡ, Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ° Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Ρ, ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΆΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°.
ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ. Π‘Π»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΡ, Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ, Π½Π° Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ½Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°.The foreign policy strategy of small states is still an open concept that has been practiced for more than fifty years by the most prominent scholars in the field of international relations in order to provide a comprehensive answer to questions such as: Do small states have the capacity to have a foreign policy strategy?; How do small states manage to create a foreign policy strategy that is adapted to their sovereign capacities and resources available to them as independent states in modern international relations?; To what extent are the foreign policy strategies of small states determined by the foreign policy strategies of the countries in their environment, as well as regional and large powers?; Does the foreign policy strategy of small states primarily depend on regional and international circumstances, as well as international and regional actors, or is it possible to create such a document and achieve full effectiveness in case based solely on the national interests of small states and their limited resources?
This paper will present a theoretical debate on the concept of foreign policy strategy of small states, the correlation between the national interests of small states and their foreign policy strategy, the relationship between foreign policy strategy and national security strategy, as well as military, economic, political, diplomatic and real instruments which are available to small states in the process of creating a foreign policy strategy document and its implementation in practice. We will also try to answer the question of whether the thesis of certain international relations theorists that only the great powers have sufficient resources to create long-term foreign policy strategies, and thus stand behind the set national interests in the long run, while on the other hand, given the limited resources in military, economic, political, and diplomatic terms, it forces small categories of countries to continuously adapt their foreign policy strategies to regional and international circumstances, and thus to be able to have at their disposal only short-term and medium-term foreign policy strategies. At the same time, the correlation between the internal situation in small countries, more specifically in the Republic of Macedonia, and its foreign policy strategy, respectively the influence of internal determinants on the process of realization of foreign policy goals, will be presented.
On the example of the Republic of Macedonia, taking into account all the parameters that classify this country as a small subject of international relations, we will try to answer the question of the ineffectiveness of its foreign policy strategy, which has not existed as a formal legal document since gaining independence. The case of the Republic of Macedonia will serve as an empirical example to see all the advantages and disadvantages of small countries in the case of possession of foreign policy strategy, or lack thereof, in modern international relations. Analyzing the national interests and foreign policy goals of the Republic of Macedonia in the context of the lack of foreign policy strategy as an official document of this country, we will try to present the level of inefficiency and ineffΠ΅ctiveness of the foreign policy mechanism and answer the question whether the key reason for not achieving foreign policy goals is precisely in missing the opportunity of the state leadership of that country to adopt a foreign policy strategic document.
Finally, in this paper, on the empirical example of the Republic of Macedonia, we will present a comprehensive analysis of how small countries function in foreign policy field in modern international relations, as well as which are key mitigating but aggravating circumstances in the process of creating and implementing foreign policy strategy, the possibilities of realizing foreign policy goals, and thus satisfying the set national interests
Foreign affairs strategy of the Republic of Macedonia from 2006 to 2015
Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Π°Π²Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ°Π½ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ: ΠΠ° Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅?; Π£ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠ°?; ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»Π°?; ΠΠ° Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ½Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°?
Π£ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ Π±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ, Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ Π΄Π° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π° Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡ, Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ° Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Ρ, ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΆΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°.
ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ. Π‘Π»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΡ, Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ, Π½Π° Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ½Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°.The foreign policy strategy of small states is still an open concept that has been practiced for more than fifty years by the most prominent scholars in the field of international relations in order to provide a comprehensive answer to questions such as: Do small states have the capacity to have a foreign policy strategy?; How do small states manage to create a foreign policy strategy that is adapted to their sovereign capacities and resources available to them as independent states in modern international relations?; To what extent are the foreign policy strategies of small states determined by the foreign policy strategies of the countries in their environment, as well as regional and large powers?; Does the foreign policy strategy of small states primarily depend on regional and international circumstances, as well as international and regional actors, or is it possible to create such a document and achieve full effectiveness in case based solely on the national interests of small states and their limited resources?
This paper will present a theoretical debate on the concept of foreign policy strategy of small states, the correlation between the national interests of small states and their foreign policy strategy, the relationship between foreign policy strategy and national security strategy, as well as military, economic, political, diplomatic and real instruments which are available to small states in the process of creating a foreign policy strategy document and its implementation in practice. We will also try to answer the question of whether the thesis of certain international relations theorists that only the great powers have sufficient resources to create long-term foreign policy strategies, and thus stand behind the set national interests in the long run, while on the other hand, given the limited resources in military, economic, political, and diplomatic terms, it forces small categories of countries to continuously adapt their foreign policy strategies to regional and international circumstances, and thus to be able to have at their disposal only short-term and medium-term foreign policy strategies. At the same time, the correlation between the internal situation in small countries, more specifically in the Republic of Macedonia, and its foreign policy strategy, respectively the influence of internal determinants on the process of realization of foreign policy goals, will be presented.
On the example of the Republic of Macedonia, taking into account all the parameters that classify this country as a small subject of international relations, we will try to answer the question of the ineffectiveness of its foreign policy strategy, which has not existed as a formal legal document since gaining independence. The case of the Republic of Macedonia will serve as an empirical example to see all the advantages and disadvantages of small countries in the case of possession of foreign policy strategy, or lack thereof, in modern international relations. Analyzing the national interests and foreign policy goals of the Republic of Macedonia in the context of the lack of foreign policy strategy as an official document of this country, we will try to present the level of inefficiency and ineffΠ΅ctiveness of the foreign policy mechanism and answer the question whether the key reason for not achieving foreign policy goals is precisely in missing the opportunity of the state leadership of that country to adopt a foreign policy strategic document.
Finally, in this paper, on the empirical example of the Republic of Macedonia, we will present a comprehensive analysis of how small countries function in foreign policy field in modern international relations, as well as which are key mitigating but aggravating circumstances in the process of creating and implementing foreign policy strategy, the possibilities of realizing foreign policy goals, and thus satisfying the set national interests
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