Should we embrace the term ‘preaddiction’?

Commen

Comparative study of (0.5%) levobupivacaine and (0.75%) ropivacaine in supraclavicular brachial plexus block by lateral approach

Background: As compared to general anaesthesia, brachial plexus block for upper limb surgery gives fewer side effects and better postoperative analgesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 0.5% levobupivacaine and compare it with 0.75% ropivacaine.Methods: For this prospective randomized, controlled study, 60 patients of both sexes of ASA grade 1 and 2 were enrolled and divided into two groups and supraclavicular brachial plexus block was performed by lateral approach using 30 ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine and 0.75% ropivacaine. The onset of sensory and motor block, duration of sensory and motor block and analgesia and possible adverse events were recorded.Results: No statistically significant difference was observed in the onset of sensory block in both groups. Onset of motor block was significantly faster in levobupivacaine group (P<0.05). Duration of sensory block, motor block and analgesia was significantly longer in levobupivacaine group (P<0.05).Conclusions: 0.5% levobupivacaine is better alternative to 0.75% ropivacaine in brachial plexus block in term of early onset of sensory block and long duration of analgesia

3,10-C-meso-3,5,7,7,10,12,14,14-Octa­methyl-4,11-diaza-1,8-diazo­niacyclo­tetra­decane bis­(perchlorate)

The structure determination of the title salt, C18H42N4 2+·2ClO4 −, reveals that protonation has occurred at diagonally opposite amine N atoms. Intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds stabilize the conformation of the dication. In the crystal, the dications are bridged by perchlorate ions via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into supra­molecular chains propagating along the c axis and weak C—H⋯O inter­actions cross-link the chains

Correlation between Glasgow coma scale on admission and clinical outcome of patients with unilateral chronic subdural hematoma after surgery

This study was undertaken to determine the influence of Glasgow coma scale (GCS) on admission on clinical outcome of patients with unilateral chronic subdural hematoma after surgery. A cross- sectional study was conducted on 33 consecutive patients, among them 28 were male, 5 were female with GCS 6 to 15. 19 patients out of 22 who had GCS 14-15 had favorable GOS at 24 hours as compared to 2 out of 7 in GCS 9-13 group and none in GCS ?8 group. All patients (22 out of 22) had favorable GOS at the time of discharge in GCS 14-15 group while 8 out of 9 had favorable GOS in GCS 9-14 group and 1 out of 2 patients had favorable GOS in GCS ?8 group. Chi square test showed significant difference in outcome between 14-15, 9-13 and ?8 GCS groups (p values 0.001, 0.015, 0.013 respectively). In conclusion, clinical outcome of patients with unilateral chronic subdural hematoma depends on Glasgow coma scale on admission.

Zinc(II) complexes of 3,10-C-meso-2,5,5,7,9,12,12,14- octamethyl-1,8-diaza-4,11-diazoniacyclotetradecane as its bis(acetate) trihydrate, [LBH2][CH3COO]2.3H2O: Synthesis, Characterization and antimicrobial studies

One isomeric ligand, LB among three isomers (LA, LB and LC) of 2,9- C-meso-2,5,5,7,9,12,12,14-octamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanes, differing in the orientation of methyl groups on the chiral carbon atoms) on interaction with vinyl acetate produces 2,9-C-meso-2,5,5,7,9,12,12,14- octamethyl-1,8-diaza-4,11-diazoniacyclotetradecane as its bis(acetate) trihydrate, [LBH2][OOCCH3]2.3H2O. This ligand salt trihydrate reacts with Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O to produce square pyramidal monoacetatozinc(II) acetate complex [ZnLB(CH3COO)](CH3COO), which undergoes anion exchange reaction with NaClO4.6H2O to produce monoacetatozinc(II) perchlorate complex, [ZnLB(CH3COO)](ClO4). The complex, [ZnLB(CH3COO)](ClO4) undergoes axial substitution reactions with KSCN, NaNO2 and KNO3 to form the substitution products, [ZnLB(NCS)](NCS), [ZnLB(NO2)](ClO4) and [ZnLB(NO3)](ClO4) respectively where CH3COOis replaced by NCS- , NO3 - and NO2 - . All these complexes have been characterized on the basis of analytical, spectroscopic, conductometric and magnetochemical data. The antifungal and antibacterial activities of these compounds have been studied against some phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria

Microfinance Institutions of Bangladesh: The Effects of Credit Risk Management on Credit Performance

The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of credit risk management on the credit performance of microfinance institutions in Bangladesh. For this purpose, an econometric model with a cross-sectional dataset has been taken into account. The primary data is collected from125 officers of 35 microfinance institutions in Bangladesh. Multiple variables namely, credit policy, credit terms, credit appraisals process, credit risk control, credit collection procedures and Institutional factor have been adopted as the components of credit risk management. The data has been collected using a structured questionnaire completed by microfinance institutions officers of different levels in Bangladesh. The study reveals that credit policy, credit risk control, credit collection procedures and Institutional factor have positive effects on credit performance, and they are statistically significant at 5%, 10%, 1% and 1% levels respectively; while credit terms and credit appraisals process have positive but insignificant effects on the credit performance of microfinance institutions. The empirical findings will support the policymakers in restructuring their overall credit risk management strategies to improve and sustainable credit performance. Keywords: Competition, Overlapping credit, Institutional factor, Effects, Insolvenc

Food aid programme during restricted hilsa fishing period: effectiveness and management perspective

Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) is geographically and economically important species in Bangladesh. To conserve hilsa, the government of Bangladesh has introduced fishing ban for certain periods of the year and also provides food assistance to hilsa fishers during the restriction period. Inadequate management often pushes real fishers out of the assistance programme and therefore, this study focused on assessing the effectiveness of the programme with a view to proposing a better management practice. A total of 202 randomly selected fishermen, living in the villages adjacent to Andharmanik River of Patuakhali district of Bangladesh, were interviewed. The Andharmanik River is famous for the natural breeding of hilsa. Results suggest that the amount of food provided and its distribution pattern were not that effective for the fishermen. Effectiveness was significantly related to the number of earning able family member, income difference between peak and restricted season and loan facility during the restriction period. This study also explained income difference trajectories of the fishermen community. Community-based management with facilitation by the state fisheries department and local government entity may enhance the programme effectiveness. More awareness programme and research are needed in this regard

Novel fuzzy measurement alternatives and ranking according to the compromise solution-based green machining optimization

Due to the increase in the impact of different manufacturing processes on the environment, green manufacturing processes are the prime focus of many current pieces of research. In the current article, a green machining process for stainless steel and SS304 and AISI1045 steel has been optimized using newly developed Fuzzy Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to the COmpromise Solution (F-MARCOS) method in the form of two case studies. In the first case study, nose radius, cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate are selected as the process parameters whereas surface roughness, consumption of electrical energy, and power factor are the outputs. In the second case study width of cut, depth of cut, feed rate, and cutting speed were the process parameters and material removal rate (MRR), active energy consumption (ACE), and surface roughness (Ra) are the response variables. The MARCOS method ranks the alternatives based on the ideal and anti-ideal solutions for the different criteria. The inclusion of fuzzy logic adds worth to the model by using a linguistic scale to make the method more practical and flexible. Based on the detailed analysis, it ranked the best alternative in case study one which results in a power factor of 0.862, 26.68 kJ of electrical energy consumption, and surface roughness of 0.36 mu m. In the second case study, the best alternative selected by this method gave an MRR of 2400 mm3/min and Ra of 2.29 mu m and utilizes 53.988 kJ ACE.Web of Science1012art. no. 264

(Acetato-κO)(2,5,5,7,9,12,12,14-octa­methyl-1,4,8,11-tetra­aza­cyclo­tetra­decane-κ4 N,N′,N′′,N′′′)zinc perchlorate

The ZnII atom in the cation of the title salt, [Zn(C2H3O2)(C18H40N4)]ClO4, is five-coordinated by the four N atoms of the macrocycle and the O atom of the monodentate acetate ligand. The N4O donor set is based on a trigonal bipyramid with two N atoms occupying axial positions [N—Zn—N = 170.89 (16)°]. The perchlorate anions are associated with the cations via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds; intra­molecular N—H⋯O(acetate) inter­actions are also observed. The neutral aggregates are connected into an helical chain along the b axis via N—H⋯O(acetate) hydrogen bonds. The perchlorate anion was found to be disordered about a pseudo-threefold axis: the major component of the disorder had a site occupancy factor of 0.692 (11)

Solid state nuclear bromination with N-bromosuccinimide. Part 2. Experimental and theoretical studies of reactions with some substituted benzaldehydes

N-Bromosuccinimide reacts with aromatic aldehydes in the solid state to yield exclusively nuclear brominated products while a similar reaction in the solution phase produces a number of products under varied conditions. The reactivity and regioselectivity have been studied in terms of the energies of HOMO, HOMO–LUMO difference, reaction free energy, reaction conditions and crystal packing. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde has been carried out. Crystal packing energies of some of the reactive and unreactive benzaldehydes indicate the importance of molecular bromine diffusion in the solid state