Brief communication "Application of mobile laser scanning in snow cover profiling"

We present a snowmobile-based mobile mapping system and its first application to snow cover roughness and change detection measurement. The ROAMER mobile mapping system, constructed at the Finnish Geodetic Institute, consists of the positioning and navigating systems, a terrestrial laser scanner, and the carrying platform (a snowmobile sledge in this application). We demonstrate the applicability of the instrument to snow cover roughness profiling and change detection by presenting preliminary results from a mobile laser scanning (MLS) campaign. The results show the potential of MLS for fast and efficient snow profiling from large areas in a millimetre scale

Utilization of Prognostic Biomarker Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor in the Emergency Department : A Tool for Safe and More Efficient Decision-making

INTRODUCTION: Risk stratification in the emergency departments (EDs) is in critical need for new applications due to ED overcrowding and hospitalization of older people. We aimed to evaluate the expediency, efficiency and safety of a prognostic biomarker. soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), as a tool for the risk assessment of patients arriving at the ED. METHODS: We performed a comparative cross-sectional study in 2 emergency departments (EDs), suPAR measurements being incorporated into routine blood sampling in the intervention ED. The primary outcome was the number of discharges from the ED. The importance of the outcomes was examined by appropriate multi- or bivariate analysis. RESULTS: The absolute and relative number of discharges were similar between the intervention and control groups [121 (55.3%) vs 62 (55.9%)]. No significant differences between the groups were seen in the length of stays in the ED. Patients with low suPAR values were more likely discharged and patients with high suPAR values more likely admitted to hospital. Two admitted patients with low suPAR values could have been discharged safely. CONCLUSION: The utilization of suPAR did not increase the risk for neither positive nor negative outcomes. Low suPAR values could be potential in discharging more patients safely. Instead of unselected patient populations. the benefits of suPAR measurements in the ED could emerge in the assessment of a more precisely determined and selected group of patients.Peer reviewe

Assessing the discharge instructing in the emergency department : Patient perspective

Objective: The objective of the study is to assess how well the emergency department (ED) personnel succeed in instructing the patient at discharge. Methods: In November and December 2016 at Peijas Hospital ED, Finland, a structured questionnaire was conducted during a phone interview on patients the day after discharge. Results: A total of 132 patients interviewed. Ninety percent had received discharge instructions from the ED staff, most of them (75%) about medication. Almost half of the patients (45%) were satisfied with the communication at discharge, those not satisfied (47%) felt that the staff did not know enough of their background to give discharge instructions. Of the patients, 20% thought that they did not have the opportunity to ask questions during the guidance session, and 41% thought that the session was too short and restricted. Some patients (20%) felt that the instructions were ambiguous, but 63% (83/132) felt they were able to follow them well or very well. Conclusion: The pace of care in the ED is fast and duration of the stay is short. The patients must be able to take responsibility of their self-care. Failure to follow medical discharge instructions could lead to non-compliance. Attention should be paid to enhancing the quality of discharge instructing and the instructions provided by the ED personnel, as recurring visits and inquiry calls add to the ED workload.Peer reviewe

Complementary molecular information changes our perception of food web structure

Peer reviewe

Effect of High-Dose Esomeprazole on CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 Activities in Humans : Evidence for Substantial and Long-lasting Inhibition of CYP2C19

In vitro, esomeprazole is a time-dependent inhibitor of CYP2C19. Additionally, racemic omeprazole induces CYP1A2 and omeprazole and its metabolites inhibit CYP3A4in vitro. In this 5-phase study, 10 healthy volunteers ingested 20 mg pantoprazole, 0.5 mg midazolam, and 50 mg caffeine as respective index substrates for CYP2C19, 3A4, and 1A2 before and 1, 25, 49 (pantoprazole only), and 73 hours after an 8-day pretreatment with 80 mg esomeprazole twice daily. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) ofR-pantoprazole increased 4.92-fold (90% confidence interval (CI) 3.55-6.82), 2.31-fold (90% CI 1.85-2.88), and 1.33-fold (90% CI 1.06-1.68) at the 1-hour, 25-hour, and 73-hour phases, respectively, consistent with a substantial and persistent inhibition of CYP2C19. The AUC of midazolam increased up to 1.44-fold (90% CI 1.22-1.72) and the paraxanthine/caffeine metabolic ratio up to 1.19-fold (90% CI 1.04-1.36), when the index substrates were taken 1 hour after esomeprazole. Based on the recovery ofR-pantoprazole oral clearance, the turnover half-life of CYP2C19 was estimated to average 53 hours. Pharmacokinetic simulation based on the observed concentrations of esomeprazole and its metabolites as well as their published CYP2C19 inhibitory constants was well in line with the observed changes inR-pantoprazole pharmacokinetics during the course of the study. Extrapolations assuming linear pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole suggested weak to moderate inhibition at 20 and 40 mg twice daily dosing. In conclusion, high-dose esomeprazole can cause strong inhibition of CYP2C19, but only weakly inhibits CYP3A4 and leads to minor induction of CYP1A2. The enzymatic activity of CYP2C19 recovers gradually in similar to 3-4 days after discontinuation of esomeprazole treatment.Peer reviewe

Treatment of keloid scars with intralesional triamcinolone and 5-fluorouracil injections - a randomized controlled trial

Keloids have high recurrence rates. Current first-line therapy is triamcinolone (TAC) injection, but it has been suggested that approximately 50% of keloids are steroid resistant. We compared the efficacy of intralesional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and triamcinalone injections in a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Forty-three patients with 50 keloid scars were treated with either intralesional TAC or 5-FU-injections over 6 months. There was no statistically significant difference in the remission rate at 6 months between the 5-FU and TAC groups (46% vs 60%, respectively). Local adverse effects were higher in the TAC group compared to the 5-FU group. Occurrence of skin atrophy in TAC group was 44% and in the 5-FU group 8% (p <0.05). Also the occurrence of telangiectasia in the TAC group was 50% and in the 5-FU 21% (p <0.05). Vascularity of the keloids, assessed by spectral imaging and immunohistochemical staining for blood vessels, after treatment decreased in the TAC group, but not in the 5-FU group (p <0.05). Fibroblast proliferation evaluated by Ki-67 staining significantly decreased in the TAC group (p <0.05) but increased in the 5-FU group (p <0.05). TAC and 5-FU injections did not differ in their clinical effectivity in this randomized study, but 5-FU injections lead to increased proliferation rate and did not affect vascular density in histological assessment. Due to the greater number of adverse effects observed after TAC treatment, 5-FU injections may be preferable for cosmetically sensitive skin areas. (C) 2018 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Transverse myocutaneous gracilis flap reconstruction is feasible after pelvic exenteration : 12-year surgical and oncological results

Introduction: Pelvic exenteration (PE) is the only curative treatment for certain locally advanced intrapelvic malignancies. PE has high morbidity, and optimal reconstruction of the pelvic floor remains undetermined. Materials and methods: A retrospective chart review was performed at a tertiary university center to assess the surgical and oncological outcomes of 39 PE procedures over a 12-year period. The majority of patients (n = 25) underwent transverse musculocutaneous gracilis (TMG) flap reconstruction for pelvic floor reconstruction. Results: The 1- and 5-year overall survival (OS) was 72% (95%CI 58%-86%) and 48% (95%CI 31%-65%), respectively. In multivariate analysis, lymph node metastasis (HR 3.070, p = 0.024) and positive surgical margins (HR 3.928, p = 0.009) were risk factors for OS. In this population, 71.8% of the patients had at least one complication. The complication rate was 65.4% and 84.6% for patients with versus without flap reconstruction, respectively (p = 0.191). The length of stay was longer for patients with a major complication 16,0 +/- 5,9 days vs. 29,4 +/- 14,8 days, p = 0.001, but complications did not affect OS. Conclusion: For selected patients, PE is a curative option for locally advanced, residual, or recurrent intrapelvic tumors. Pelvic floor and vulvovaginal defects can reliably be reconstructed using TMG flaps. TMG flaps are favored in our institution over abdominal-based flaps because the donor site morbidity is reasonable and TMG does not interfere with enterostomy. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd, BASO similar to The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgical Oncology. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Prescribing antimicrobial agents for dogs and cats via University Pharmacies in Finland : Patterns and quality of information

The aim of our study was to evaluate antimicrobial use in dogs and cats in Finland. Information on veterinary prescriptions was gathered from University Pharmacies (n = 17) over a one-month period, April 2001. A total of 2719 prescriptions for veterinary use were delivered, of which the majority were for dogs (70%, n = 1898) and cats (14%, n = 384). The most prescribed therapy group was per-oral antimicrobial agents (53%, n = 1449), of which 16% (n = 237) were medicines approved for humans. The most commonly used substances for dogs and cats were betalactams, 66% and 78%, respectively. The proportion of fluoroquinolones was 3–5%. The average duration of the treatment periods was 10 days with the exception of treatment of cats with macrolide lincosamides, where the mean period was 20 days. Indication was mentioned only in 37% of the prescriptions

Disposition kinetics and dosage regimen of levofloxacin on concomitant administration with paracetamol in crossbred calves

The disposition kinetics of levofloxacin was investigated in six male crossbred calves following single intravenous administration, at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight, into the jugular vein subsequent to a single intramuscular injection of paracetamol (50 mg/kg). At 1 min after the injection of levofloxacin, the concentration of levofloxacin in plasma was 17.2 ± 0.36 µg/ml, which rapidly declined to 6.39 ± 0.16 µg/ml at 10 min. The drug level above the MIC90 in plasma, was detected for up to 10 h. Levofloxacin was rapidly distributed from blood to the tissue compartment as evidenced by the high values of the distribution coefficient, α (17.3 ± 1.65 /h) and the ratio of K12/K21 (1.83 ± 0.12). The values of AUC and Vdarea were 12.7 ± 0.12 µg.h/ml and 0.63 ± 0.01 l/kg. The high ratio of the AUC/MIC (126.9 ± 1.18) obtained in this study indicated the excellent antibacterial activity of levofloxacin in calves. The elimination half-life, MRT and total body clearance were 1.38 ± 0.01 h, 1.88 ± 0.01 h and 0.32 ± 0.003 l/kg/h, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic parameters, an appropriate intravenous dosage regimen for levofloxacin would be 5 mg/kg repeated at 24 h intervals when prescribed with paracetamol in calves

Clinical results and quality of life after reconstruction following sacrectomy for primary bone malignancy

Background: Sacrectomy is a rare and demanding surgical procedure that results in major soft tissue defects and spinopelvic discontinuity. No consensus is available on the optimal reconstruction algorithm. Therefore, the present study evaluated the results of sacrectomy reconstruction and its impact on patients' quality of life (QOL). Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted for 21 patients who underwent sacrectomy for a primary bone tumour. Patients were divided into groups based on the timing of reconstruction as follows: no reconstruction, immediate reconstruction or delayed reconstruction. QOL was measured using the EQ-5D instrument before and after surgery in patients treated in the intensive care unit. Results: The mean patient age was 57 (range 22-81) years. The most common reconstruction was gluteal muscle flap (n =9) and gluteal fasciocutaneous flap (n = 4). Four patients required free-tissue transfer, three latissimus dorsi flaps and one vascular fibula bone transfer. No free flap losses were noted. The need for unplanned re-operations did not differ between groups (p =0.397), and no significant differences were found for pre- and post-operative QOL or any of its dimensions. Discussion: Free flap surgery is reliable for reconstructing the largest sacrectomy defects. Even in the most complex cases, surgery can be safely staged, and final reconstruction can be carried out within 1 week of resection surgery without increasing peri-operative complications. Sacrectomy does not have an immoderate effect on the measured QOL. (C) 2018 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe