Patientenbindung durch Kommunikation - Impulse für das Pharmamarketing

Der zunehmende Einfluss des Patienten auf die Therapieentscheidung und damit auf die Verschreibung eines Medikaments erfordert patientenorientierte Führungskonzepte. Der ehemalige Verschreibermarkt entwickelt sich vor allem bei chronisch Kranken auf Grund zunehmender Selbstverantwortung und größerer Wahlmöglichkeiten zu einem Käufermarkt mit mündigen Entscheidern. Insbesondere bei dieser Patientengruppe sind auf Grund der Langfristigkeit und Komplexität der Erkrankung umfangreiche Kommunikations- und Informationsaktivitäten erforderlich. Solche zusätzlichen Serviceleistungen neben dem Arzneimittel fördern die Stabilität und Intensität der Beziehung zwischen pharmazeutischem Unternehmen und Patient. Die aus der subjektiv wahrgenommenen Dienstleistungsqualität resultierende Patientenbindung kann somit als entscheidender Wettbewerbsfaktor genutzt werden. Der Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit liegt deshalb auf dem Teilbereich der Patientenbindung. Es wird zunächst ein Messinstrument für das Konstrukt Patientenbindung konzeptualisiert und validiert. Anschließend wird ein Patientenbindungsmodell entwickelt, um sowohl den Einfluss der Qualität der Kernleistung in Form des Arzneimittels als auch der direkten Kommunikation zwischen Patient und Pharmaunternehmen auf die Beziehungsqualität und die Patientenbindung zu bestimmen. Das entwickelte Modell dient der kontinuierlichen Überprüfung der Unternehmensleistungen und dem rechtzeitigen Ergreifen von Korrekturmaßnahmen zur langfristigen Optimierung des Leistungsangebots eines pharmazeutischen Unternehmens. Auf diese Weise kann auch im Pharmabereich ein konsequentes Kundenbeziehungsmanagement implementiert werden

Patient Relationship Management - Konzeption und Umsetzung

Zur Sicherstellung der gesundheitlichen Versorgung auf hohem Niveau werden Versicherte im Zuge einer politisch gewollten Förderung der Selbstverantwortung zunehmend an den Gesundheitskosten beteiligt. Hierdurch entwickeln sich Patienten – in Verbindung mit der steigenden Bedeutung des Gutes Gesundheit – zu mündigen Konsumenten. Als Mitentscheider in Therapiefragen und somit auch bei der Verschreibung eines Medikaments müssen Konsumenten pharmazeutischer Leistungen als Zielgruppe in die Marketingaktivitäten pharmazeutischer Unternehmen eingebunden werden. Insbesondere bei chronisch Kranken, die in der Regel verschreibungspflichtige Arzneimittel beziehen, lassen sich auf Grund der Langfristigkeit und Komplexität der Erkrankung umfangreiche Maßnahmen ableiten, um eine dauerhafte Beziehung zwischen pharmazeutischem Unternehmen und Patienten aufzubauen. Pharmaunternehmen müssen sich dieser Herausforderung stellen und den Wandel vom „Pillenproduzenten“ zum Versorgungsdienstleister vollziehen. Diese Studie stellt ein umfassendes Konzept des Patient Relationship Management (PRM) vor. Neben der Abgrenzung der für ein solches Konzept geeigneten Zielgruppe werden die Grundlagen und die zentralen Voraussetzungen für die Umsetzung eines erfolgreichen PRM diskutiert sowie Möglichkeiten zur Kontrolle der PRM-Aktivitäten vorgestellt

Antireflective nanotextures for monolithic perovskite silicon tandem solar cells

Recently, we studied the effect of hexagonal sinusoidal textures on the reflective properties of perovskite silicon tandem solar cells using the finite element method FEM . We saw that such nanotextures, applied to the perovskite top cell, can strongly increase the current density utilization from 91 for the optimized planar reference to 98 for the best nanotextured device period 500 nm and peak to valley height 500 nm , where 100 refers to the Tiedje Yablonovitch limit. [D. Chen et al., J. Photonics Energy 8, 022601, 2018 , doi 10.1117 1.JPE.8.022601] In this manuscript we elaborate on some numerical details of that work we validate an assumption based on the Tiedje Yablonovitch limit, we present a convergence study for simulations with the finite element method, and we compare different configurations for sinusoidal nanotexture

Analytic many-body potential for GaAs(001) homoepitaxy: Bulk and surface properties

We employ atomic-scale simulation methods to investigate bulk and surface properties of an analytic Tersoff- Abell type potential for describing interatomic interactions in GaAs. The potential is a modified form of that proposed by Albe and colleagues [Phys. Rev. B 66, 035205 (2002)] in which the cut-off parameters for the As-As interaction have been shortened.With this modification, many bulk properties predicted by the potential for solid GaAs are the same as those in the original potential, but properties of the GaAs(001) surface better match results from first-principles calculations with density-functional theory (DFT). We tested the ability of the potential to reproduce the phonon dispersion and heat capacity of bulk solid GaAs by comparing it to experiment and the overall agreement is good. In the modified potential, the GaAs(001) β2(2 × 4) reconstruction is favored under As-rich growth conditions in agreement with DFT calculations. Additionally, the binding energies and diffusion barriers for a Ga adatom on the β2(2 × 4) reconstruction generally match results from DFT calculations. These studies indicate that the potential is suitable for investigating aspects of GaAs(001) homoepitaxy

Tradeoff breaking as a model of evolutionary transitions in individuality and limits of the fitness-decoupling metaphor

Evolutionary transitions in individuality (ETIs) involve the formation of Darwinian collectives from Darwinian particles. The transition from cells to multicellular life is a prime example. During an ETI, collectives become units of selection in their own right. However, the underlying processes are poorly understood. One observation used to identify the completion of an ETI is an increase in collective-level performance accompanied by a decrease in particle-level performance, for example measured by growth rate. This seemingly counterintuitive dynamic has been referred to as fitness decoupling and has been used to interpret both models and experimental data. Extending and unifying results from the literature, we show that fitness of particles and collectives can never decouple because calculations of fitness performed over appropriate and equivalent time intervals are necessarily the same provided the population reaches a stable collective size distribution. By way of solution, we draw attention to the value of mechanistic approaches that emphasise traits, and tradeoffs among traits, as opposed to fitness. This trait-based approach is sufficient to capture dynamics that underpin evolutionary transitions. In addition, drawing upon both experimental and theoretical studies, we show that while early stages of transitions might often involve tradeoffs among particle traits, later-and critical-stages are likely to involve the rupture of such tradeoffs. Thus, when observed in the context of ETIs, tradeoff-breaking events stand as a useful marker of these transitions

Control of fine-structure splitting and excitonic binding energies in selected individual InAs/GaAs quantum dots

A systematic study of the impact of annealing on the electronic properties of single InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) is presented. Single QD cathodoluminescence spectra are recorded to trace the evolution of one and the same QD over several steps of annealing. A substantial reduction of the excitonic fine-structure splitting upon annealing is observed. In addition, the binding energies of different excitonic complexes change dramatically. The results are compared to model calculations within eight-band k.p theory and the configuration interaction method, suggesting a change of electron and hole wave function shape and relative position.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Female mice respond to male ultrasonic ‘songs’ with approach behaviour

The ultrasonic vocalizations of mice are attracting increasing attention, because they have been recognized as an informative readout in genetically modified strains. In addition, the observation that male mice produce elaborate sequences of ultrasonic vocalizations (‘song’) when exposed to female mice or their scents has sparked a debate as to whether these sounds are—in terms of their structure and function—analogous to bird song. We conducted playback experiments with cycling female mice to explore the function of male mouse songs. Using a place preference design, we show that these vocalizations elicited approach behaviour in females. In contrast, the playback of pup isolation calls or whistle-like artificial control sounds did not evoke approach responses. Surprisingly, the females also did not respond to pup isolation calls. In addition, female responses did not vary in relation to reproductive cycle, i.e. whether they were in oestrus or not. Furthermore, our data revealed a rapid habituation of subjects to the experimental situation, which stands in stark contrast to other species' responses to courtship vocalizations. Nevertheless, our results clearly demonstrate that male mouse songs elicit females' interest

In vitro transition of Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda) from coracidium to procercoid and from procercoid to plerocercoid

With the present study, a culture system for successive life-cycle stages of the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus was developed and this report documents for the first time, cultivation of the procercoid stage of S. solidus from eggs. Additionally we have transformed procercoids dissected from experimentally infected copepods and cultured procercoids into the early plerocercoid stage in vitro. Observations in the culture suggest that the coracidia can interact with their external environment and need no host specific stimuli, except for the components in the culture medium, for activation and hatching from the embryophore. Increasing the culture medium pH from 7.3 to 8.0 improved escape rates and frequencies of hook contractions, suggesting that the oncosphere may recognize and respond to environmental conditions along the host intestine. Procercoids in the culture did not stop growing indicating that conditions within the copepod may be important to limit growth and to induce transformation to plerocercoids. When procercoids are dissected from copepods and transferred to the culture, the outer tegument layers and cercomer starts to loosen. Comparison of the lectin staining of the loosened outer tegument layers and cercomer in procercoids dissected from copepods confirms that transitions of both, the oncosphere to procercoid and procercoid to plerocercoids, has taken place in the in vitro cultures