Pengaruh C-Phycocyanin Terhadap Kadar Soluble Glikoprotein (Sgp130) Pada Trofoblas Tikus Wistar Yang Dipapar Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

The placenta is a joint organ of the uterus surface mother and fetus. One of cytokines of the placenta is IL-6 which is essential for normal placental development and successful pregnancy. Sgp130 binds Interleukin-6-sIL-6R complex, so Interleukin-6 signal cannot be passed on. Both factors play an important role in pre-eclampsia which has high levels of IL-6 and sgp130. They are expected to be suppressed by administration of C-phycocyanin. The aim of this study to prove effect of C-phycocyanin on sgp130 levels among wistar rats’ trophoblasts exposed to IL-6. The design of the study was Experiment, Post Test Only Control, analyse with One way Anova. The samples were 25 rats divided four treatment groups. Dose of C-Phycocyanin (10mg, 20mg, 40mg). The results significant difference between control and treatment group IL-6, IL-6 + CPC10, IL-6 + CPC20. But there was no significant difference between control group and IL-6 + CPC40, sig value. 0.214 (sig. <0.05). Conclusion. There is an effect of C-Phycocyanin on Sgp130 levels in wistar rats’ trophoblasts exposed to IL-6 at a dose of C-Phycocyanin 40mg. 

Pengaruh Spirulina terhadap VEGF dari Trofoblast Tikus Putih Hamil Strain Wistar yang Diinduksi Interleukin 6

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disorder with hypertension as one of its common symptoms. Preeclampsia in pregnancy is characterized by increasing of proteinuria, blood pressure and also interleukin 6. Spirulina sp is a thread like shaped blue-green algae, similar to chain of cylindrical cells with 1 to 12 μm diameter of cell membrane. The purpose of this research was to know the effect of spirulina on VEGF level in improving of trophoblast function in pregnant white Rats Wistar. The design of the study was laboratory experimental with post-test only control group design. Twenty-five rats with preeclampsia model induced by interleukin 6, were divided into 5 groups. The groups were control group, positive control group (P0) injected by interleukin-6 dose of 5 ng/ 100 gram body weight (BW), group with spirulina dose of 10 mg/100 gram BW (P1), group with spirulina dose of 20 mg/100 gram BW (P2); and group with spirulina dosage 40 mg/100 gram BW (P3). The Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were in experimental groups measured compared to control. The averages of group spirulina were 81.31 (10 mg/100 gram BW), 65.99 (20 mg/100 gram BW), and 49.62 (40 mg/100 gram BW). In comparison with control group (62.70), VEGF level in group administered by spirulina dose of 20 mg/100 gram BW were close to control group

Pengaruh Spirulina terhadap Kadar beta hCG Tikus Bunting yang Diinduksi Interleukin-6 (Studi Bahan Biologis Tersimpan)

Preeclampsia is multisystem specific disorder in pregnancy. Preeclampsia characterized by increased cytokine Interleukin-6 and β hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin). Spirulina is green-blue alga contain antioxidant, vitamin, mineral. Spirulina has a potential effect as antiinflammation. The aim of this research was to know effect of spirulina to repair trophoblast at β hCG level of pregnant rats with preeclampsia condition (biology material collecting). The type of this research is an experimental laboratory with post-test only control group design. Preeclampsia models induced by Interleukin-6. Twenty-five rats were grouped to five group: Control, Control Positive, Spirulina dose 10, 20, and 40 mg/day, at the end of treatment, β hCG level were analyzed. Statistical analysis was used by one-way ANOVA. The results of this study showed that β hCG level of group spirulina dose 10 mg/day (85.11 ± 25.70 mIU/ml) did not significantly different (p=0.353), with group Dose 20 mg/day (79.65 ± 10.65 mIU/ml). Level of β hCG in Spirulina group dose 40 mg/day were 93.28 ± 17.12 mIU/ml. The spirulina groups dose 10 mg/day and dose 40 mg/day did not show significantly different level of β hCG (0.730> 0.05). Administration of spirulina at a dose of 10 mg was able to significantly reduce levels of β hCG (P <0.05) than at doses of 20 mg / day and 40 mg/ day

Mutational pattern and frequency of induced nucleotide changes in mouse ENU mutagenesis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>With the advent of sequence-based approaches in the mutagenesis studies, it is now possible to directly evaluate the genome-wide pattern of experimentally induced DNA sequence changes for a diverse array of organisms. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the mutational bias inherent in mouse ENU mutagenesis, this study describes a detailed evaluation of the induced mutational pattern obtained from a sequence-based screen of ENU-mutagenized mice.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Based on a large-scale screening data, we derive the sequence-based estimates of the nucleotide-specific pattern and frequency of ENU-induced base replacement mutation in the mouse germline, which are then combined with the pattern of codon usage in the mouse coding sequences to infer the spectrum of amino acid changes obtained by ENU mutagenesis. We detect a statistically significant difference between the mutational patterns in phenotype- versus sequence-based screens, which presumably reflects differential phenotypic effects caused by different amino acid replacements. We also demonstrate that the mutations exhibit strong strand asymmetry, and that this imbalance is generated by transcription, most likely as a by-product of transcription-coupled DNA repair in the germline.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results clearly illustrate the biased nature of ENU-induced mutations. We expect that a precise understanding of the mutational pattern and frequency of induced nucleotide changes would be of practical importance when designing sequence-based screening strategies to generate mutant mouse strains harboring amino acid variants at specific loci. More generally, by enhancing the collection of experimentally induced mutations in unambiguously defined genomic regions, sequence-based mutagenesis studies will further illuminate the molecular basis of mutagenic and repair mechanisms that preferentially produce a certain class of mutational changes over others.</p

A two-part study on the alternative exchange of South Africa (AltX) : a study on the underpricing of new equity issues listed on the alternative exchange of South Africa and the effects of specific use of disclosure on underpricing

Includes bibliographical references (leaves107-113).Extensive research has been conducted in a variety of countries investigating the extent of underpricing of initially listed companies. In addition, various studies have been conducted in an attempt to try and establish the relationship between disclosure and underpricing. Underpricing remains a vexing issue that continues to stimulate rigorous debate within economic and accounting research. This study seeks to remedy the omission of recent South African research on this subject. The study looks to establish whether underpricing has occurred on the Alternative Exchange of South Africa, (AltX). The AltX was launched on 27 October 2003, as the junior exchange to the larger Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The study follows the methodology of a previous South African study, by Barlow and Sparks (1986), which looked at the underpricing of shares on the JSE between the periods 1972 to 1986. This study looks at establishing underpricing on the AltX, during the periods October 2003 to March 2007

Induction of Interleukin-6 Trigger an Apoptosis Through Il-17 and Stat3 Pathway that Alleviated by Phycocyanin Treatment

This study was to analyze the optimum dose of IL-6 induction in pregnant rats that could trigger an increase in mean arterial pressure and protein as two symptoms of preeclampsia. A total of 25 pregnant rats was divided into 5 groups, including pregnant rats the control group (without induction of IL-6), a group of pregnant rats were given an induction in IL-6 doses of 1.25 ng/day, a group of pregnant rats given doses of IL-6 induction 2.5 ng/day, a group of pregnant rats were given an induction of IL-6 doses of 5 ng/day, and groups of pregnant rats were given an induction in IL-6 doses of 10 ng/day. Induction of IL-6 was performed on the tenth day of gestation for 5 days. The expression of caspase-3, IL-17, and STAT3 were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The expression of caspase-3, IL-17 and STAT3 was significantly higher in preeclampsia group than the control group (p 0.05). In conclusion, IL-6 on pregnant rats were able to increase apoptosis through IL-17 and STAT pathway. Inhibition of apoptosis due to phycoyanin treatment not only involve the formation of IL-17, this data is found in phycocyanin doses of 10 and 20 ng

Near and Far Transfer in Cognitive Training: A Second-Order Meta-Analysis

Theory building in science requires replication and integration of findings regarding a particular research question. Second-order meta-analysis (i.e., a meta-analysis of meta-analyses) offers a powerful tool for achieving this aim, and we use this technique to illuminate the controversial field of cognitive training. Recent replication attempts and large meta-analytic investigations have shown that the benefits of cognitive-training programs hardly go beyond the trained task and similar tasks. However, it is yet to be established whether the effects differ across cognitive-training programs and populations (children, adults, and older adults). We addressed this issue by using second-order meta-analysis. In Models 1 (k = 99) and 2 (k = 119), we investigated the impact of working-memory training on near-transfer (i.e., memory) and far-transfer (e.g., reasoning, speed, and language) measures, respectively, and whether it is mediated by the type of population. Model 3 (k = 233) extended Model 2 by adding six meta-analyses assessing the far-transfer effects of other cognitive-training programs (video-games, music, chess, and exergames). Model 1 showed that working-memory training does induce near transfer, and that the size of this effect is moderated by the type of population. By contrast, Models 2 and 3 highlighted that far-transfer effects are small or null. Crucially, when placebo effects and publication bias were controlled for, the overall effect size and true variance equaled zero. That is, no impact on far-transfer measures was observed regardless of the type of population and cognitive-training program. The lack of generalization of skills acquired by training is thus an invariant of human cognition

Cognitive Performance in Centenarians and the Oldest Old: Norms from the Georgia Centenarian Study

We present normative data from a large population-based sample of centenarians for several brief, global neurocognitive tasks amenable for frail elders. Comparative data from octogenarians are included. A total of 244 centenarians and 80 octogenarians from Phase III of the Georgia Centenarian Study were administered the Mini-Mental Status Examination, Severe Impairment Battery, and Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale. Centenarians (age 98–107) were stratified into three age cohorts (98–99, 100–101, 102–107), octogenarians into two 5- year cohorts (80–84, 85–89). Highly significant differences were observed between groups on all measures, with greater variation and dispersion in performance among centenarians, as well as stronger associations between age and performance. Descriptive statistics and normative ranges (unweighted and population-weighted) are provided by age cohort. Additional statistics are provided by education level. While most previous centenarian studies have used convenience samples, ours is population-based and likely more valid for comparison in applied settings. Results suggest centenarians look different than do even the oldest age range of most normative aging datasets (e.g., 85–90). Results support using global measures of neurocognition to describe cognitive status in the oldest old, and we provide normative comparisons to do so