7 research outputs found
Changement organisationnel : une analyse dans le passage du systeÌme classique au systeÌme Licence Master Doctorat (LMD) au Mali
Lâobjet de notre article est dâanalyser le changement organisationnel dans le systeÌme universitaire au Mali. Il nous parait plus important dâanalyser le processus par lequel lâapplication du systeÌme Licence Master Doctorat (LMD) favorise une meilleure contribution dans le deÌveloppement du systeÌme eÌducatif malien.
Ce travail est une analyse des conseÌquences positives et neÌgatives du changement organisationnel sur lâexeÌcution correcte des programmes dâenseignement supeÌrieur aÌ travers lâapplication du systeÌme LMD dans les universiteÌs.Cette contribution va sâinteÌresseÌ au processus de changement organisationnel, son pilotage et voir le lien entre ce changement organisationnel et le deÌveloppement du systeÌme eÌducatif malien sur la sceÌne internationale.
Au terme de cette contribution, nous avons compris les diffeÌrentes eÌtapes adopteÌes par les diffeÌrentes faculteÌs dans la mise en Ćuvre dâun changement organisationnel (LMD) pour un deÌveloppement durable du systeÌme eÌducatif malien.Les reÌsultats de cette recherche montrent que le changement organisationnel aÌ travers le passage du systeÌme classique au systeÌme LMD souffre de probleÌme dâinfrastructure, mais aussi de la mauvaise exploitation des ressources financieÌres qui impactent sur la qualiteÌ de lâenseignement et sa reconnaissance au niveau international
The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance
INTRODUCTION
Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic.
RATIONALE
We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs).
RESULTS
Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants.
CONCLUSION
Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century
Effets de la pandémie de Covid 19 sur les Directions des Ressources Humaines du secteur public au Mali
Cet article porte sur les effets de la pandĂ©mie de COVID-19 sur les directions des ressources humaines du secteur public au Mali. Les directions des ressources humaines sont des structures transversales qui gĂšrent les courriers de plusieurs services relevant des ministĂšres. Ătant en contact permanant avec les usagers et les autres services, elles restent vulnĂ©rables aux crises Ă plus forte raison une crise aussi longue comme la pandĂ©mie de COVID-19.
Les données analysées ont été collectées auprÚs de dix directions des ressources humaines (DRH) du secteur public.
Les principaux rĂ©sultats montrent que face Ă cette pandĂ©mie, les DRH nâavaient ni de stratĂ©gie, ni de plan dâurgence de gestion de la crise de COVID-19. Elles se sont mises Ă mettre en Ćuvre les instructions donnĂ©es par le gouvernement. Nous avons Ă©galement constatĂ© que cette crise a modifiĂ© le fonctionnement quotidien des DRH par lâinstauration du systĂšme de rotation.
Sur la base des données analysées, cette crise a montré le faible leadership des DRH sur leur capacité à prendre des initiatives pour anticiper les crises
High SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among Healthcare Workers in Bamako, Mali
In Mali, a country in West Africa, cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths among healthcare workers (HCWs) remain enigmatically low, despite a series of waves, circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants, the countryâs weak healthcare system, and a general lack of adherence to public health mitigation measures. The goal of the study was to determine whether exposure is important by assessing the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in HCWs. The study was conducted between November 2020 and June 2021. HCWs in the major hospitals where COVID-19 cases were being cared for in the capital city, Bamako, Mali, were recruited. During the study period, vaccinations were not yet available. The ELISA of the IgG against the spike protein was optimized and quantitatively measured. A total of 240 HCWs were enrolled in the study, of which seropositivity was observed in 147 cases (61.8%). A continuous increase in the seropositivity was observed, over time, during the study period, from 50% at the beginning to 70% at the end of the study. HCWs who provided direct care to COVID-19 patients and were potentially highly exposed did not have the highest seropositivity rate. Vulnerable HCWs with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and asthma had even higher seropositivity rates at 77.8%, 75.0%, and 66.7%, respectively. Overall, HCWs had high SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, likely reflecting a âherdâ immunity level, which could be protective at some degrees. These data suggest that the low number of cases and deaths among HCWs in Mali is not due to a lack of occupational exposure to the virus but rather related to other factors that need to be investigated
Clinical risk factors associated with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Mali
Background: MDR-TB is a major threat to global TB control. In 2015, 580,000 were treated for MDR-TB worldwide. The worldwide roll-out of GeneXpert MTB/RIFÂź has improved diagnosis of MDR-TB; however, in many countries laboratories are unable to assess drug resistance and clinical predictors of MDR-TB could help target suspected patients. In this study, we aimed to determine the clinical factors associated with MDR-TB in Bamako, Mali. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 214 patients with presumed MDR-TB admitted to University of Bamako Teaching Hospital, Point-G between 2007 and 2016. We calculated crude and adjusted odds ratios for MDR-TB disease diagnosis using SPSS. Results: We found that age â€40 years (OR = 2.56. 95% CI: 1.44â4.55), two courses of prior TB treatment (OR = 3.25, 95% CI: 1.44â7.30), TB treatment failure (OR = 3.82, 95% CI 1.82â7.79), sputum microscopy with 3+ bacilli load (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.13â3.48) and a history of contact with a TB patient (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.11â5.50) were significantly associated with confirmation of MDR-TB disease. HIV was not a risk factor for MDR-TB (aOR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.34â1.94). Conclusion: We identified several risk factors that could be used to identify MDR-TB suspects and prioritize them for laboratory confirmation. Prospective studies are needed to understand factors associated with TB incidence and clinical outcomes of TB treatment and disease. Keywords: Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis, Risk factors, Mal
Sahel, savana, riverine and urban malaria in West Africa: Similar control policies with different outcomes.
The study sites for the West African ICEMR are in three countries (The Gambia, Senegal, Mali) and are located within 750 km of each other. In addition, the National Malaria Control Programmes of these countries have virtually identical policies: (1) Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs) for the treatment of symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection, (2) Long-Lasting Insecticide-treated bed Nets (LLINs) to reduce the Entomololgic Inoculation Rate (EIR), and (3) sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the Intermittent Preventive Treatment of malaria during pregnancy (IPTp). However, the prevalence of P. falciparum malaria and the status of malaria control vary markedly across the four sites with differences in the duration of the transmission season (from 4-5 to 10-11 months), the intensity of transmission (with EIRs from unmeasurably low to 4-5 per person per month), multiplicity of infection (from a mean of 1.0 to means of 2-5) and the status of malaria control (from areas which have virtually no control to areas that are at the threshold of malaria elimination). The most important priority is the need to obtain comparable data on the population-based prevalence, incidence and transmission of malaria before new candidate interventions or combinations of interventions are introduced for malaria control